Determinants and Policy Implications

Question: Discuss about the Determinants and Policy Implications. Answer: Introduction A supermarket is a huge form of self-served shop providing diverse varieties of household commodities including food, medicines, clothes etc. The difficulty of certain factors across the food industry and its magnitude of competition lead to the insight that the link between farm and retail prices is meaningless. So between the local farming retailers these supermarket giants must co-exist to create greater diversity and allow a fair amount of competition. The Australian supermarket industry is essentially dominated by certain entities like Coles, Woolworths and ALDI with around 1000 supermarkets and other malls and retail outlets. Over few decades, though the development of the Australian agricultural sector is largely led by the supermarket industry, at the same time, one must always keep in mind that there has to exist some level of protection which would allow the operation of small agricultural businesses unaffected. This will inject competition in the agriculture market. They are diverse entities. Woolworths owns a conglomerate of retail businesses across general discount retail, groceries, electronics, hardware, liquor and hospitality. Coles also operates in the same businesses and extends in insurance products, industrial safety, coal mining, chemical and fertilizer operations. There has been substantial contribution of Coles and Woolworths on the Australian economy via huge employment and other opportunities that facilitate local farmers by providing broader access to end-customers. Australian customers have also gained substantial benefits from the growth of Coles and Woolworths because bigger range of products is accessible to them at affordable prices now. This is mainly due to large size of their operations that helps them to negotiate with manufacturers a substantial amount of production at low cost. In spite of all these advantages it is observed that the rising operation of these entities in the retail sector has resulted in some drastic negative externalities. Findings There exist immense competition between Coles and Woolworths has bipolar effects. It lowers the prices charged on consumers and promotes innovation of their product base. On the other hand, forces the suppliers to find efficient techniques of production. But it is observed that the highest-growing products in Australian grocery sector are cigarettes, pharmaceutical commodities, nicotine and certain stimulants like caffeine (IRI-Aztec research report 2014). This reflects the fact why Australians are having growing obesity and declining health due to bad non-nutritious diet. Market power means a disproportionate effect on the terms of trade. As the market share of retailers increases, their participation becomes gradually important in market supply. This comprises of expansion in manufacture, distribution etc. Both Coles and Woolworths are expanding their duopoly throughout the country. This is pressurizing smaller businesses in rural areas as they are not capable to compete with these giants. Hence there is a loss of income and employment of the family-owned businesses. In order to avoid competition, both these entities are practicing Bargain-price marketing by decreasing the prices of commodities substantially lower than the ongoing market rate. This increases their sales enormously at the expense of the livelihood of numerous small farmers. This is mainly because the favorable effects that farmers experience from larger market exposure, may not be enough to generate their expenses and re-investment in their businesses. In the long run, if the cost of advertisements of these entities increases then it may threaten complete non existence of small farming class in the agricultural sector. The Australian agri-businesses are already facing the problems of high debt levels and climate change. In addition to it, the strategies of Coles and Woolworths on the food market is imposing drastic effects on small farmers, as they realize enormous reduction in margin of profit. Lowering cost and typical manufacture demands from Coles and Woolworths, force farmers to decrease their prices. In order to survive in this market, the farmers will install economies of scale to decrease cost of production. This gives rise to centralization of food production which in turn diminishes bio-diversity among cultivated crops. This further leads to loss of food quality, water stresses, diseases etc. This makes the food supply highly prone to environmental shocks. Distributional network of supermarkets also imposes risks on the economy. Concentration of stock in certain warehouses is prone to security risks. It may also result in lack of fresh and nutritious food supply in the rural areas. All these things create an unstable food supply with increased vulnerable to price and supply shocks. Both Coles and Woolworths are using celebrity chefs to broadcast their slogan of fresh and local food to consumers which in turn increases their costs. But this cost burden is passed mostly to the cultivators thus decreasing their farm gate profits. The significant importance of Coles and Woolworths in consumer accessibility is forcing the domestic suppliers to produce some ideal commodity which matches their specifications and standards. This pressurizes them to use capital-intensive production technology. When these commodities fail to meet the particulars stated by Coles and Woolworths, it leads to substantial amount of food wastage due to its perishable nature. Predominant continuation of this process may drastically affect the economies food security in the future (Food Waste in Australia - Future Directions International, 2012). Coles and Woolworths are increasing their range of Home-brand items (RSPCA-approved chicken and eggs products), produced joint venture with certain manufacturers. Huge amount of these products are produced and sold at cheap rates. As these goods are cheaper than branded merchandise, it is making extremely critical for independent brands to obtain market exposure and compete with these home brands. These privately-labeled goods have also decreased the product range offered by the conglomerates (Deloitte Research Report, 2013). The trend in standardization is moving towards banning food supply from certain farming systems (Victorian Farmers Federation). The Australian Farm Institute argued that these strategies will kill the Australian productivity and will incur new costs in the society. All these practices actually restrict the capability of small domestic farmers to make their decisions diverse and diminish the competitiveness in the domestic food market. Recommendations In order to enrich the survival of small businesses where these imperfect market conditions, the government should step in. The courts should be assigned the power to enforce divestiture in required fields. At the same time there must be prevention of the influence of bureaucrats over the industry for bribes. This requires strict financial audits by the government. The small independent farmers should be empowered and protected financially such that market control is more evenly allocated, so that local farmers gets more space to access consumers. Though privatization is an easy ladder to technological growth and commercializing higher proportion of output and input gives higher returns but all these favours the large supermarket entities at the expense of the small farmers. It is evident that investment on agricultural research and development has given immense returns all over the world. Therefore these small farmers require more space to compete with the large players in terms of input, irrigation, technology, finance and marketing. So the Australian government authorities should emphasize more on the construction of rural roads knowledge generation and other infrastructure because sustainable agriculture growth and food security in Australia depends on the performance of small and marginal farmers. Contract farming is a crucial proponent that would help marginal cultivators to overpower the problems of finance, marketing and inputs. The agricultural sector being the most trade-exposed component of the Australian economy should be protected from currency fluctuations and volatile prices. To hedge the risks of climatic change and low soil fertility, the agricultural lands should be well irrigated. The government should launch various competition policies that would keep up the competitive nature of the market. The models of self help groups and co-operative societies can also be used as promising tools to help the marginal farmers. The gap between the consumers prices can also reduced through these processes. Conclusion Market power is the main concern in Australian domestic food market. Intense duopoly power of Coles and Woolworths possess tremendous challenges to small local farmers, which forces them to struggle hard to exist among these giant entities. Due to the persistence of deflation and higher demand for production makes the small food businesses non-sustainable and possess potential threat to domestic food security. Though in the short run, these market conditions benefits consumers but in the long run the situation may differ. Government should take actions to ensure that retail market does not crash the market power balance between the economic agents of the food chain. If the growth of these giant retailers is unrestrained, then it may destabilize the food sector and damage the food security of Australia. However, it should also see that the interests of the shareholders of these companies are also served because they are the employers to more than 400000 people in Australia. Thus the government should optimize its priorities over both the dimensions by preventing price wars in the economy and expanding the economic pie simultaneously. But in recent time we see that ALDIs growth in enormously increasing. This is even a bigger threat to the Australian economy because in either way it will offer no positive impact on the domestic farmers. This is because ALDI being a foreign (German) brand will promote its own domestic products in the market. This will lead to huge flow of profit from the Australian economy thus drastically effecting potential to invest in the future. The domestic investment will wither away and imported commodities will thrive in the market. References Ali J., Singh S.P. Ekanem E. 2009, Efficiency and productivity changes in the Indian food processing industry: Determinants and policy implications, International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, vol. 12, pp. 43-66. Chakravarty K., Sridhar V., Bhardwaj P. Bhattacharjee N., 2007, Rural Retailing The next phase in retailing, confederation of Indian industry, YES Bank, New Delhi. Farhoomand A. Choupal E., 2008, Corporate Social Responsibility: Case HKU 765, University of Hong Kong, Asia Research centre, Hong Kong. Gorton M., Sauer J. Supatpongkul P., 2009, Investigating Thai shopping behavior: Wet markets, supermarkets and the Big Middle, International Association of Agricultural Economists Conference, Beijing, August 16-22, 2009. Kearney A.T., 2010, Expanding Opportunities for Global Retailers: The 2010 A.T. Kearney Global Retail Development Index Report, A.T. Kearney, Vienna, VA. Mergenthaler M., Weinberger K. Qaim M., 2009, The food system transformation in developing countries: A disaggregate demand analysis for fruits and vegetables in Vietnam Food Policy, vol. 34, pp 426436. Minten B., Reardon T. Sutradhar R., 2010, Food prices and modern retail: The case of Delhi, World Development, vol. 38, pp 17751787. Moustier P., Phan T.G.T., Dao T.A., Vu T.B. Nguyen T.T.L., 2010, The role of farmer organizations in supplying supermarkets with quality food in Vietnam Food Policy, vol. 35, pp 6978. Reardon T., Henson S. Gulati A., 2010, Links between supermarkets and food prices, diet diversity and food safety in developing countries. Trade, Food, Diet and Health: Perspectives and Policy Options, eds Hawkes C., Blouin C., Henson S., Drager N. Dub L., WileyBlackwell, Hoboken, NJ, pp. 111130. Schipmann C. Qaim M., 2010, Spillovers from modern supply chains to traditional markets: Product innovation and adoption by smallholders, Agricultural Economics 41, pp 361371. Singh S., 2009, Spencers Retail - Inclusive Value Chains in India-Linking the Smallest Producers to Modern Markets, Harper M. World Scientific, Singapore, pp. 7688. Reardon T. Timmer C.P., 2007, The supermarket revolution with Asian characteristics. Reasserting the Rural Development Agenda: Lessons Learned and Emerging Challenges in Asia, eds Balisacan A.M. and Fuwa N., Institute of South-east Asian Studies and South-east Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture, Singapore. Reardon T. Gulati A., 2008, The Rise of Supermarkets and their Development Implications: International Experience Relevant for India, IFPRI Discussion Paper 00752, International Food Policy Research Institute, New Delhi, India.

Things You Should Know About Scholarship Essay Samples for Masters

Things You Should Know About Scholarship Essay Samples for Masters What Scholarship Essay Samples for Masters Is - and What it Is Not Scholarship essays shouldn't be considered a burden since they are your gateway to land entrance into a prestigious university with lots of benefits and perks that have the scholarship. Considering all the knowledge areas and tips that you're already mindful of in writing a scholarship letter, it's possible to easily put together all of the information that you have to make sure you and your scholarship letter will stick out. A scholarship essayis part of ascholarship application. A scholarship essay is a significant document that's used in the processes of scholarship application. The scholarship committee would like to observe how investing in your education will aid your career. Being invited for a scholarship application is an incredible experience that's why you have to make the absolute most out of it. There are some explanations for wh y students are uninterested in sports. Students of Masters or Doctorate degree programs have to be sure that they present a dissertation that does not only reflects the total education of their specific area of study, but in addition guarantee that it reflects their own opinion and degree of understanding of the specific subject. The Ultimate Approach for Scholarship Essay Samples for Masters Therefore, students will need to pay attention in regards to formatting their scholarship essays. They can pick any issue. They are also asked to compose scholarship essays on various social issues. Many students are clueless in regards to the essay. Inspiring other students to look for knowledge kindles my own search to understand the world and the folks around me. If you plan far enough ahead, you will be able to get enough feedback from your family members, friends, and teachers, also. Parents aren't informed about the value of co-curriculum marks. All our writers have a lot of years of experience. Often it is two novels or two short stories, but nevertheless, it is sometimes a whole slew of different things also. You won't have the ability to compose an outstanding essay in case you don't devote your soul to it. The essay writing help can be seen in a multitude of ways, a few of which are direct while others aren't. It is crucial to obtain an essay that that does not have any traces of plagiarism. The more specific you're, the simpler it is going to be to prove it in your essay. An essay has a specific structure. Scholarship essay isn't a paper at which you can forgive yourself misspellings or formatting inaccuracy. Writing a failing essay isn't as simple as it might seem at first. Formatting the essay Formatting is a rather effective technique that may increase the duration of your assignment. With a 100 word scholarship essay, you have to jump in the thesis as rapidly as possible. Thesis statement has become the most significant portion of an essay. Your cover letter is where to offer in depth info about it. Make an outline before starting. The total format of your essay, for example, font size and margins, will solely rely on the instructions offered to you. A good example is offered below. The first thing which you have to do for writing an excellent management term paper is to select an appropriate topic. Each section of the application is going to be highlighted with a colour in order to fully grasp the very best scholarship essay samples better. Plan a response carefully and ensure you keep on topic throughout. There's no ideal recipe for writing an essay, but there are a few ingredients that you're able to add to make it even more appealing. The very first thing you may want to do before writing any essay for this matter is to follow along with the directions. It's far better to use your own words and see to the subject working with a crystal clear and concise language. It is possible to add another paragraph if you feel that the second paragraph is insufficient to present the topic. Don't forget your introduction, the very first paragraph of an essay, ought to be short and catchy. Choosing Scholarship Essay Samples for Masters Is Simple As a school leaver, thinking up a personal statement might be a difficult endeavor. By accentuating your strengths by your writing, you will have the ability to effectively communicate that you're a deserving candidate for their award. Each calendar year 1 topic is going to be posted. An excellent start is to check through their site and attempt to discover their mission statement.

Personal Narrative Example For High School Students

Personal Narrative Example For High School StudentsIf you're an English teacher and have been asked to write a personal narrative example for high school students, you're probably not very excited about the prospect. On the other hand, if you're an English teacher and have never written a personal narrative, you might be equally disheartened to learn that it's a lot easier than you might think.Personal Narratives can be made even simpler by having students read and then forward their writing to you for correction. In some cases this can be done by making sure they completely re-read what they've written. For a great start on personal narrative examples for high school students, simply ask them to read a passage and write something about the events or feelings that are happening in the passage.They can work on this narrative example for high school students by using their imagination and associating their words with their own experiences. Some things that work well for students are; s exual abuse, bullying, theft, money problems, family problems, arguments at home, and anything else that might relate to their own life. Students should be encouraged to take control of their own experiences and their own feelings.When writing their personal narrative they should be encouraged to think outside the box and be inspired by the material they're reading. Most of the time people don't think about the details of what they're saying because they're more focused on the main points. Writing by taking notes is one way of taking note of all the detail that students may miss or simply forget.Students should also write a footnote for each paragraph, they've written, either directly on the next line or at the end of the paragraph. A footnote doesn't necessarily have to be about the subject, it could just be something like 'Reference 4'. In fact, we often do this in a book or magazine and are able to gain a better understanding of the article by thinking about all the different asp ects that we might miss.Students who are taking an English course will find this writing exercise as easy as pie. However, there are some students who would prefer to write their own personal narrative. If this is the case, it's important that they stay focused on what they're trying to say rather than on how it sounds.Another way to make sure that students understand how to write their own personal narrative is to create a free document in which students can start writing. This document should include a few sample paragraphs, perhaps several pages, and the students can type their own handwriting into a blank document. After they've written this information, they can read the various samples and then complete the task for their English class.Writing a personal narrative can be easy for students if they use a few key strategies. Having students write a personal narrative example for high school students, can be relatively easy, especially if they're writing for a class project. Stude nts should be encouraged to be creative, imaginative, and take notes about the experience they're writing about.

Are Research Papers Subjective: No Longer a Mystery

Are Research Papers Subjective: No Longer a Mystery The explanations for why chess needs to be considered a sport. Your own personal information will stay completely confidential and won't be disclosed to any third party. There's nothing shameful in opting to purchase custom research paper online. Several materials you may discover on the internet ought to help you opt for a topic, and thus don't skip any opportunity to acquire more ideas. In reality, there are lots of distinct kinds of quantitative research than most men and women expect. They have to analyze the fashion trends and choose the ones that suit them. What's more, some people believe everyone has to stick to the fashion. Objective writing is quite a bit more troublesome to master for most writers. Aim and aim of the paper is introduced however with some ambiguity and isn't very clear. Research paper isn't simple to write. The papers are of a normal quality and assist you to accomplish great grades. Objective information on the opposite hand is intended to be completely unbiased. Provide rationale for each one of the interventions you recommend. Objective research seeks to establish law-like generalisations that can be placed on the very same phenomenon in various contexts. Quantitative research isn't restricted to mathematics. To enhance the results researchers try various practices and models, for instance, neural network strategy. To develop a very good research methodology, the researcher needs in order to spell out the different research methods used. A qualitative researcher, though, can be a portion of the practice. A researcher conducting a quantitative experiment is likely to continue being separate from the procedure. After submitting the form you are able to sit tight and await your customized research essay! As the title of the writing implies you have to conduct the research in the certain region of knowledge. One of the very first measures in writing a prosperous term paper is extensive research. Evidently, there's more than 1 person who'd attempt to use an absolutely free research paper as original writing. If your study intends to discover the response to an inquiry through numerical evidence, then you need to use the Quantitative Research. Maintaining a summary of the many types and amounts of data produced, analyzed and re-used within the Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering is a core facet of my work for a data steward, but it's a continuous challenge on account of the heterogeneity of information employed by designers and the number of distinct projects simultaneously active. Qualitative Research is perfect for earlier phases of research projects while for the latter portion of the research undertaking, Quantitative Research is highly advised. Research in social science demands the group of information to be able to understand a phenomenon. Academic research is directed at progressing current understanding. Initially, absolutely free research paper examples were posted on the internet, to be able to help students acquire new knowledge and information concerning the research paper writing, as a portion of the educational approach. It's obvious for students to find it challenging to compose a research paper, especially thinking about the variety of different assignments and tests they need to undertake. Some students believe they don't require assistance and support to compose a convincing research paper. After you are sure, you can go right ahead and use it. At present, the quantity of scientific articles in open access is growing fast, but all of these are spread on numerous science websites on the net, and so it is hard for a researcher to get the essential information for new science discoveries or download PDF because of the unreliability of sites. For references you should attempt to hunt for research paper sampleon our site for more details. If you get research papers from us, it usually means that you're using proven services within this line of business.

Sample Argumentative Essay on Cellphones in Schools

Sample Argumentative Essay on Cellphones in SchoolsThere is a very important issue when it comes to the use of cellphones in schools today and it has everything to do with the privacy of the children. In the past, when cellphones were first introduced to the public, a lot of parents were concerned about the safety of their children because it gave a lot of power to the teachers.Not only that, the use of cellphones by school teachers was limited mainly to the use of the phone to send and receive messages. These messages were often indecipherable to the students because they were delivered through the cellphones. But with the introduction of new cellphones, the telephone manufacturers, including the best known, were able to add features that would allow for better communication among the students.One of the features available on the new smartphones is the Bluetooth technology. This technology allows students to communicate without having to physically touch the phone. Many students are not used to the concept of talking to someone who does not share the same language as them, so using this feature enables them to talk to their friends in different languages without using the keyboard and thus, giving the children a chance to interact with other students without making them feel uncomfortable.The use of cellular phones is limited to text messaging only in most schools today. Text messaging is a special form of electronic mail that allows the sender to attach images, sound, or both. These attachments are stored on the phone and can be sent and received without the recipient ever having to see what was being sent or read the messages that were attached.Some of the newer technologies include text-messaging through instant messenger applications, video and photo sharing through the camera, and Bluetooth connectivity. With the students using these technologies, they have a greater ability to interact with each other.Teachers are still in the position of holding all of the power. They still need to give out assignments and make sure that the students are doing well. If the students want to talk to their friends and the teachers have no way of getting the messages from their friends to the students, the student and teacher would be two different people.If the use of cellphones in schools is going to continue, then parents will need to take control of their children's lives. The use of mobile phones should be limited only to texting, video chatting, and the use of Bluetooth.Students are not very comfortable with their teacher taking away their privacy, especially when their classroom devices are also in the classroom. It is not necessary for all students to be able to use the same types of communication tools and resources as their classmates.

Leadership and Justin free essay sample

1. What might explain Justin’s Failure to perform well in his new leadership role as the head of the Asia-Pacific division? I feel that there could have been a few things that led to Justin’s failure in his new leadership position. While although he was extremely successful during his domestic VP position, many leaders fail to grasp the key traits and skills needed for the global scale. I think more emersion into the Hong Kong culture could have possibility helped Justin adapt and relate better with the local employees of the company. With being culturally aware Justin also needed to be adaptable in his new position. Being resourceful and not just implementing new rules and policies isn’t exercising an adaptable approach to the new job. The most import aspect I think Justin missed the boat on was looking to the future of the business but in the aspect of his new environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership and Justin or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Had he made this his number one priority, I feel the other traits and skills needed for this new position would have followed. 2. What might Compcorp have done to enhance prospects for Justin’s successful performance? What might Justin himself have done to enhance the likelihood of success in this new assignment and to help avoid derailing an otherwise highly promising career in Compcorp? Compcorp could have enhanced Justin’s performance by following one of two models to shape effective global leaders. The first is the GLED Model (Global Leadership Expertise Development) which focuses on four categories: individual characteristics, cultural exposure, global education, and project novelty (Ball, p. 286). The second is The â€Å"Right Stuff† Model which identifies global leaders in what they have learned and what they are able to do as leaders (Ball, p. 286). Had Compcorp alerted extra attention to Justin Marshall under either one of these models instead of just going of past performance his outcome would have had a better result. Compcorp isn’t the only one at fault; Justin is equally responsible for his performance. Justin might have done some more research on the market and culture in Hong Kong to get a better understanding of longevity because his plan of action and procedures didn’t even make it to three successful quarters.

sexuality essay essays

sexuality essay essays Many experts agree that homosexuality has existed as long as human beings themselves, although the attitude towards them has undergone dramatic changes in some countries. Accepted by many societies during Greek and Roman era, most of the time homosexuals were considered to be sinners against nature and even criminals. In Medieval and modern periods homosexuals were prosecuted. Enlightenment brought some liberation, substituting death penalty by imprisonment. In Nazi Germany so-called "doctors" tried to "cure" gays by the ways of castration and extreme intimidation. Until 1973 attempts to find a cure against homosexuality, what by majority was viewed as a disease, were continued. Today, when research on twins suggests that sexual orientation is not a choice, but our genetic predisposition, homosexual acts are still considered to be immoral and even illegal in majority of countries and in the eyes of most religious groups homosexuals, probably, always will be the subjects of anathema. As much as the future may look gloomy for many gays and lesbians all over the world, there are remarkable changes in public opinion and officials attitudes toward homosexuals in some countries. For example, in 1989, Denmark was the first to allow the same-sex marriage. In the United States the subject of homosexuality remains controversial. For example, In Hawaii three homosexual couples asked the court to recognize their right to get married and the court did. However, the state government refused to legalize this marriage. Consequently, a new amendment was introduced to the state Constitution. At the same time, majority of the states are not even considering this option and homosexuality itself is still illegal there. Still, not only authorities try to determine the position they should take towards homosexuals, many common Americans also have no clear understanding of how to react to homosexuality. Why should we bother to find the answer to the ...