Licence To Kill :: essays research papers

1.The three qualities that I felt James Bond most possessed throughout the level were determination, bravery, and intelligence. In the next several paragraphs I will explain how incidents in the story revealed each quality portrayed by James Bond. DeterminationIn the beginning of the story a drug lord named, Frans Sanchez, severely injures James Bonds partner, Felix Leiter, and kills his wife Della Leiter after escaping an attempted arrest by Felix. subsequently this incident Bond becomes determined to capture Sanchez, bring his drug empire down, and avenge what he had done to his partner and close friend Felix Leiter. Bond shows such(prenominal) strong determination that he disobeys his chief, M, and the secret service branch of London in order to continue his mission with Sanchez. Bond was ordered by M to drop the case and head to Istanbul where he would be briefed on his next mission. However, Bond told his chief that he was not done with his mission and that if he was not allo wed to continue with it he would have to resign from the secret service. Determined to bring Sanchez down and avenge all the pain which his friend inflected he eventually gave in his resignation and became a free agent. IntelligenceJames Bond shows intelligence throughout the entire story. From his surprising attack tactics, to how he tricks villains and enemies into doing precisely what he wants. Bond was the type of man that was usually in control of the situation. There comes a point in the story where Bond must mental image a way out to turn two major druglords against each other, William Krest and Frans Sanchez, in order for him to gain the trust of Sanchez so he can need more about his drug organization and what he was about. He devises a plan that convinces Sanchez that Krest was stealing millions of dollars from him and that he was going to meet with the Chinese to plan an blackwash in his name. Eventually Bond thinks of a way to set Krest up so that Sanchez believes him . The plan was so well though out that it surprised me how smart Bond actually was. He was in complete control of everything that happened and he eventually gained the trust of Sanchez and was granted permission to go to his secret drug position in Isthmus city.BraveryThere are many times throughout the story where James Bond shows bravery and

The Impact of Computers on Education :: Argumentative Persuasive Papers

The Impact of Computers on EducationThe introduction of computers in education has positively affected the school in terms of student achievement, administrative and teaching methods. Computers move over significantly altered student achievement. The computers in schools today are equipped with educational software that greatly aids learning. From the first club on, computers are a daily activity in students life. In the early grades, computer games are used to interest the young student to learn. In my tutoring pose at St. Marys Elementary School this year, I watched students play a variety of games. The games cover a wide range of subjects, and the learning is taken by the students as fun and is a great way to start off their schooling. A recent article, Using Computers to Create Constructivist Learning Environments Impact on Pedagogy and Achievement, conducted a study of twenty-three high school physics classes and thirteen teachers. They were examined to determine the extent to which computers can altar pedagogy and student achievement. Results give notice computers can significantly alter both teaching methods and student achievement. Overall this study suggests computers can be used to help teachers create a much constructivist learning environment, albeitalthough challenging. Attempting to alter ones pedagogy and integrate technology into the classroom at the same time requires quite an effort on the teachers part, both philosophically and technically. Computers contain significantly impacted students capabilities for research. Expanding Access to Computers is an article that describes how local companies refurbish computers that are no longer needed for students who previously had no home computer. This took place in Stamford Connecticut and the program is called TechCycle. Computers provide the Internet, which is a key research tool and one of the best sources for any information imaginable. Before computers were introduced in schoo ls, all or most of the research was done in a library, now even the library is run on the computer, which brings me to the administration benefits. If one were to look at Lake captain State University, they can definitely notice how computers have positively impacted the operation of the school. In past years, if one wanted to find a book, they would have to search through the index catalogue manually. This was time consuming and a challenge to maintain by keeping index cards in their provide places.

A kite is a victim Essay -- essays research papers

The Poem titled A Kite is a victim written by Leonard Cohen contains multiple tropes. Through my own analysis I propose that the authors central focus concerns life. Cohen discusses the relationships and accomplishes that we make throughout our lifetimes. In my opinion, the kite is a metaphor for the essence of life and living. Each of the four stanzas in the poem begins with a trope. In every case the tenor is the kite. These tropes will be analyze with regard to the central motion of the poem.The initial tenor that I will discuss can be found in the first line of the first stanza. Cohen writesA kite is a victim you are sure of. This is personification. Leonard Cohen uses a human quality victim to describe an inanimate object. The tenor would be the kits and the vehicle is clearly victim. The first stanza presents the qualities of life and love. The kite is a victim like life is a sacrificial and sometimes inevitably painful. As much as we have happiness we must also experience sadness and hurt. You are sure of it because it is part of everyday. You know that you must experience these hard ships in revise to move forward. Cohen describes it as being tempting because it pulls. Life is interesting because you can non control it completely. There are ups and downs just like a kite in the wind.The next tenors that I will identify can be found in the first stanza in the third and fourth lines. Both of these lines provide an example of personification. very much like the initial line of the poem, these lines characterize the kite with human qualities Gentle enough to call you master,strong enough to call you fool.In these examples the tenor is the kite and the entire lines represent the vehicle. A kite cannot be neither gentle, nor strong or call you anything.These tenors represent the full spectrum of emotions and strength in life. It is as if he is discussing god and the life you have been given. It is gentle enough that you often feel strong and powerful b ut also strong enough to humble you.The sixth line of Cohens poem is a simile. Leonard makes a direct comparison between a falcon and the kitelike a desperate skilled falcon.&nb... ...ugh prayer.Finally, the fourth stanza also contains another example of personification in line 25 under the traveling cordless moon.In this case the kite is not the tenor. Cohen describes the moon with distinctively human qualities. The moon cannot be cordless and some would also argue that it cannot be traveling. Therefore the vehicle is cordless. This tenor describes the moon, the light in the darkness. It moves forward without any restraints unlike the kite. It is a freeing experience. It is time to let go and move toward death. Finally death and the acceptance of it provides a person with purity. very much with death comes more fame. You die but not without leaving memories and worthiness behind. You become completely pure and important through your legacy.Leonard Cohen illustrates some incredi bly recently and powerful perspectives on life in this poem. He makes clear connections between his metaphors and the overall theme of the poem. Each tenor represents another metaphor that is open to scrutinizing interpretation. The theme of life and living is a powerful one. Cohen has provided effective examples of tenors within the text of a profound poem.

Crime Essay -- essays research papers

Crime     In customary the definition of a abhorrence is an twist punishable by law, usually considered an crime act. Crime refers to many types of misconduct forbidden by law. Crimes include much(prenominal) things as murder, stealing a car, resisting arrest, possession or dealing of illegal drugs, being nude in public , drunk driving, and bank robbery. Crime is an act that has been clockless and has been committed a good deal since the start of time. For example, ever since Cain killed his brother Abel (B.C.), people being charged with witchcraft in the 1600s, prostitution, to the current crimes of modern day(A.D.). Even though crime has existed throughout time it has progressed and branched out taking many types forms.      Crimes are classified in different ways. They are usually grouped harmonize to the seriousness of the offense and consort to the motives of the offenders. Such crimes may include economic crimes, political crimes , crimes of passion and organized crime. Crimes are often divided between acts that or so people would consider evil and acts that lawmakers decide should be regulated in the interest of the community. The first group includes such major crimes as arson, assault, breach of the peace, burglary, kidnapping, larceny, murder, rape, and robbery. The bite group includes crimes of a " apace growing urban society." These crimes include violations of income tax laws, liquor control regulations, pure food an... Crime Essay -- essays research papers Crime     In general the definition of a crime is an act punishable by law, usually considered an evil act. Crime refers to many types of misconduct forbidden by law. Crimes include such things as murder, stealing a car, resisting arrest, possession or dealing of illegal drugs, being nude in public , drunk driving, and bank robbery. Crime is an act that has been timeless and has been committed practical ly since the start of time. For example, ever since Cain killed his brother Abel (B.C.), people being charged with witchcraft in the 1600s, prostitution, to the current crimes of modern day(A.D.). Even though crime has existed throughout time it has progressed and branched out taking many types forms.      Crimes are classified in different ways. They are usually grouped according to the seriousness of the offense and according to the motives of the offenders. Such crimes may include economic crimes, political crimes, crimes of passion and organized crime. Crimes are often divided between acts that most people would consider evil and acts that lawmakers decide should be regulated in the interest of the community. The first group includes such major crimes as arson, assault, breach of the peace, burglary, kidnapping, larceny, murder, rape, and robbery. The second group includes crimes of a "rapidly growing urban society." These crimes include violations of income tax laws, liquor control regulations, pure food an...

Julius Caesar - Analyses Of Characters :: essays research papers

Julius Caesar is truly much a warrior and he thinks that he is above every one else and that he is more than an banausic man. As a firmness of purpose he is very arrogant and takes very little key of the people around him. As far as he is concerned, they are meaningless and not worth his time. He believes he is honourable but sincerely is not. In a way he wants to be bank and to be a trusted leader of the Roman people but he is very unwilling to do anything to gain trust. Ordinary people keep back a great deal of respect for Caesar and plausibly believe that he would be a safe(p), powerful leader who has Romans troubles at heart. Caesar probably believes those things as well but he is ruthless and he craves power. He also believes that everybody likes him and that is why hes surprised when the conspirators approach him. Then he realises that they have seen through his façade and see that he is really an arrogant power-crazy man.Mark Antony is a very honourable sol spl itr who is loyal to anyone in power. He was a great friend to Caesar and thought very highly of him. He is extremely mad at Caesars death. He is a very stratagem man as can be seen in the second part of the scene and he is able to manipulate people. He cared a carry on for Caesar and as a result he grieved a lot when Caesar was killed. Because he was very close to Caesar he wants revenge and, although he can hide it, has a lot of hatred for the conspirators who killed Caesar. At first it seemed that he was so upset that Caesar had died that he would wish to die also. However, later he seems to decide that revenging his death would be a better way. He knows the conspirators only as other Romans, he does not know them as friends and knows very little about them. As a result he may not know about Cassius cunning mind that has already find Mark Antonys plan for revenge.Cassius is very crafty and tactful. He sees through most people to what they are truly like. He is also very good a t manipulating people, much like Mark Antony. He is a friend to Brutus but he took advantage of that friendship to make sure he killed Caesar.Julius Caesar - Analyses Of Characters essays research papers Julius Caesar is very much a warrior and he thinks that he is above every one else and that he is more than an ordinary man. As a result he is very arrogant and takes very little notice of the people around him. As far as he is concerned, they are meaningless and not worth his time. He believes he is honourable but really is not. In a way he wants to be trusted and to be a trusted leader of the Roman people but he is very unwilling to do anything to gain trust. Ordinary people have a great deal of respect for Caesar and probably believe that he would be a good, powerful leader who has Romans troubles at heart. Caesar probably believes those things as well but he is ruthless and he craves power. He also believes that everybody likes him and that is why hes surprised when the consp irators approach him. Then he realises that they have seen through his façade and see that he is really an arrogant power-crazy man.Mark Antony is a very honourable soldier who is loyal to anyone in power. He was a great friend to Caesar and thought very highly of him. He is extremely angry at Caesars death. He is a very cunning man as can be seen in the second part of the scene and he is able to manipulate people. He cared a lot for Caesar and as a result he grieved a lot when Caesar was killed. Because he was very close to Caesar he wants revenge and, although he can hide it, has a lot of hatred for the conspirators who killed Caesar. At first it seemed that he was so upset that Caesar had died that he would wish to die also. However, later he seems to decide that revenging his death would be a better way. He knows the conspirators only as other Romans, he does not know them as friends and knows very little about them. As a result he may not know about Cassius cunning mind t hat has already discovered Mark Antonys plan for revenge.Cassius is very crafty and tactful. He sees through most people to what they are truly like. He is also very good at manipulating people, much like Mark Antony. He is a friend to Brutus but he took advantage of that friendship to make sure he killed Caesar.

Julius Caesar - Analyses Of Characters :: essays research papers

Julius Caesar is very much a warrior and he thinks that he is above every matchless else and that he is more than an ordinary man. As a result he is very proud and takes very little notice of the pile around him. As far as he is concerned, they are meaningless and not worth his time. He thinks he is honourable but genuinely is not. In a track he wants to be trusted and to be a trusted leader of the popish people but he is very unwilling to do anything to lucre trust. Ordinary people have a great deal of respect for Caesar and probably believe that he would be a good, powerful leader who has Romans troubles at heart. Caesar probably believes those things as well but he is ruthless and he craves power. He also believes that everybody equals him and that is why hes surprise when the conspirators approach him. Then he realises that they have seen through his façade and see that he is really an arrogant power-crazy man.Mark Antony is a very honourable pass who is loyal t o anyone in power. He was a great friend to Caesar and thought very passing of him. He is extremely angry at Caesars death. He is a very cunning man as shtup be seen in the befriend part of the scene and he is able to manipulate people. He cared a lot for Caesar and as a result he grieved a lot when Caesar was killed. Because he was very close to Caesar he wants revenge and, although he can hide it, has a lot of hatred for the conspirators who killed Caesar. At first it seemed that he was so fray that Caesar had died that he would wish to die also. However, later he seems to subside that revenging his death would be a better way. He knows the conspirators only as other Romans, he does not know them as friends and knows very little virtually them. As a result he may not know about Cassius cunning mind that has already discovered Mark Antonys excogitate for revenge.Cassius is very crafty and tactful. He sees through most people to what they are truly like. He is also very good at manipulating people, much like Mark Antony. He is a friend to Brutus but he took advantage of that friendship to chance upon sure he killed Caesar.Julius Caesar - Analyses Of Characters essays research papers Julius Caesar is very much a warrior and he thinks that he is above every one else and that he is more than an ordinary man. As a result he is very arrogant and takes very little notice of the people around him. As far as he is concerned, they are meaningless and not worth his time. He believes he is honourable but really is not. In a way he wants to be trusted and to be a trusted leader of the Roman people but he is very unwilling to do anything to gain trust. Ordinary people have a great deal of respect for Caesar and probably believe that he would be a good, powerful leader who has Romans troubles at heart. Caesar probably believes those things as well but he is ruthless and he craves power. He also believes that everybody likes him and that is why hes surprised when the conspirators approach him. Then he realises that they have seen through his façade and see that he is really an arrogant power-crazy man.Mark Antony is a very honourable soldier who is loyal to anyone in power. He was a great friend to Caesar and thought very highly of him. He is extremely angry at Caesars death. He is a very cunning man as can be seen in the second part of the scene and he is able to manipulate people. He cared a lot for Caesar and as a result he grieved a lot when Caesar was killed. Because he was very close to Caesar he wants revenge and, although he can hide it, has a lot of hatred for the conspirators who killed Caesar. At first it seemed that he was so upset that Caesar had died that he would wish to die also. However, later he seems to decide that revenging his death would be a better way. He knows the conspirators only as other Romans, he does not know them as friends and knows very little about them. As a result he may not know about Cassius cunn ing mind that has already discovered Mark Antonys plan for revenge.Cassius is very crafty and tactful. He sees through most people to what they are truly like. He is also very good at manipulating people, much like Mark Antony. He is a friend to Brutus but he took advantage of that friendship to make sure he killed Caesar.

Definition of Terms Essay

AMR- Ambulatory Medical Record- An ambulatory checkup record (AMR) is an electronically stored file of a unhurrieds outpatient medical records, which includes all surgeries and c argon that do not involve being admitted to a hospital.The importance of AMRs is that they only apply to outpatient medical records. Outpatients procedures or service be per drawed so frequently that at times it can be tedious to keep track of them. These records allow a physician to review a patients COMPLETE medical history. CMR- Computerized Medical Record- Computerized medical records are the digital counterparts to patient medical records kept in paper files and folders in health compassionate offices.The importance of CMRs is they allow for less paper storage or use. A patients medical records can be an extensive file. The continuing the file gets the harder it is to keep up with it. Keeping a computerized copy of what is on paper in a patients medical record is more(prenominal) than convenient, it is a more efficient mode of documentation. CMS Centers for Medicare and Medicaid- The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), previously known as the health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), is a federal theatrical performance within the United States Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) that administers the Medicare program and works in partnership with state governments to administer Medicaid, the State Childrens Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), and health insurance portability standards.CMS is an important entity to US healthcare, without it, the medical coverage forchildren whose parents do not have the luxury of commercial coverage and the aged(a) who have reached the age of retirement would not have health benefits. Medicare and Medicaid do not only supply benefits to children and the elderly moreover there are those citizens who are considered disable in some way, shape, fashion or form. CMS-1500 A universal claims billing form used by physic ians and other healthcare practitioners to bill payers for headmaster services.The CMS 1500 form assists physicians especially in receiving reimbursement for the services reserved. The development of a form for physicians eliminates confusion for insurance companies when processing claims. The companies need not worry about whether the charges were submitted by a physician or facility, which makes for easier and more efficient processing. CPT Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) is a code set that is used to report medical procedures and services to entities such as physicians, health insurance companies and accreditation organizations. CPT is used in conjunction with ICD-8-CM or ICD-10-CM numerical diagnostic coding during the electronic medical billing process.From a billing standpoint, a world without CPT codes is almost like a world without people. The genius idea to use a universal language of numbers to insure services an individual had performed alleviates chaos. CPT code s also give a shorter description of the services rendered. Some procedures are so extensive, all the information appearing on a claims form can cause confusion. By giving these procedures a 5 digit number which can be researched for a description creates efficiency. DRG Diagnosis relate Group any of the payment categories that are used to classify patients, especially Medicare patients, for the purpose of reimbursing hospitals for each case in a given category with a fixed fee regardless of the actual costs incurred DRGs prohibit a facility from receiving an outrageous reimbursement for specific provided services.The categorization of patient cases into specific groups which allows for a set cost or billed amount places a cap on reimbursement to that facility for that case/patient. EPR Electronic Patient (Health) Record (EHR) -an evolving concept be as a systematic collection of electronic health information about individualpatients or populations. Monitoring a patients health information in an electronic manner is a win/win for all touch on. It allows the patient faster access to their records and the physician or hospital a faster method for reviewing or receiving those same records. The EPR has evolved into the EHR. The development of tracking patient health information in an electronic monitor has produced a more effective, accurate method for organizing something as lengthy as a persons health history.HL7 Health Level Seven (HL7) a non-profit organization involved in the development of outside(a) healthcare informatics interoperability standards. HL7 and its members provide a framework (and related standards) for the exchange, integration, sharing, and retrieval of electronic health information. The 2.x versions of the standards, which support clinical practice and the management, delivery, and evaluation of health services, are the most commonly used in the world.The development of this organization is the foundation for the ability to transfer and track health information safely and without violation of a persons personal information. Without HL7, the above mentioned term (EPR) would not exist. This organizations importance is beyond measure in terms of convenience involved in the healthcare field. The standards set forth are a necessity in order for health information to be exchanged or shared, they provide peace of mind to the patients and physicians. ICD-9 International assortment of Disease, 9th edition A standardized classification of disease, injuries, and causes of death, by etiology and anatomic localization and codified into a 5-digit number, which allows clinicians, statisticians, politicians, health planners and others to speak a common language, both US and internationally. A 3 to 5-digit number code describing a diagnosis or medical procedure.The International Classification of Disease 9th edition is as important to billing as CPT codes. The universal language for identifying a patients diagnosis assists not only for purposes in billing but for physician and hospital communication with insurance companies. Physicians attend school to learn and be watch over familiar with the formal name for specific diseases, injuries and other medical conditions. On the other hand, insurance companies may not be as familiar or educated as tothe formal names for these medical conditions, which is where ICD-9s come into play. They allow for easier and more understanding within the communication aspect of physician to insurance or facility to insurance company.UB-92 Uniform/Universal Billing form 92 Managed care The official HCFA/CMS form used by hospitals and health care centers when submitting bills to Medicare and 3rd-party payors for reimbursement for health services provided to Pts covered. UB-92 billing forms have since been replaced with UB-04 billing forms. Needless to say, a universal billing form creates an efficient, more precise method of billing for hospitals. Once again it eliminates th e time that would be consumed by insurance companies attempting to determine if a claim is for a facility or physician. Eliminating this step assists in jump starting the processing of reimbursement to a facility for rendered services.

Alcohol abuse among college students at univeristy of south carolina

Alcohol is a drink made by mixing yeast with sweet substances such as corn, barley and rye. The mixture is then left to ferment for some time. Once consumed it is absorbed into the body systems through the stomach and the small intestines and affects the principal making the person who had consumed it lack proper coordination. It leaves the body by being excretion through the kidney, lungs and the liver.Many college students consume inebriant as a way of forgetting veritable situations in their college life that is stressing them, make friends and even maintain them. But in actual sense inebriant only suppresses the problem for a very succinct duration of time after which the negative effects to the individual manifest themselves such as poor personal health, poor concentration in coach and financial constrains.Excessive use of alcohol leads to neglect of major responsibilities such as schooling and this state is termed as alcoholism that has no cure but raft only be controll ed (Presley, Meilman, & Cashin, 1996).Starters mainly consume alcohol varieties that are less concentration but upon advancing they get to very concentrated brands that eliminate the appetency to drink fast.Alcohol Abuse among College StudentsThe African-American students in spite of appearance the campus drink less compared to white counterparts. The students who eng advance in heavy drinking are usually aged amongst 18-29 years and drink up to three times in a week with very few going up to five days this clearlyindicates that alcohol is readily available inwardly the campus and that the alcohol-control policies are somehow lenient.Though this should not generalize that all students drink, a good number of students have never tasted alcohol within the institution.The availability of alcohol within the community surrounding the Campus draws students towards alcohol even if the campus authorities are against it.In order to lower the levels of alcohol abuse among students of drin king age which is set at 21 years by the federal laws, the university encourages students to drink responsibly and behave in a mature manner (OMalley & Johnston, 2002).To reduce alcohol abuse the university has ensured that those students selling alcohol within the campus premises have a commercial license that governs their conduct.The university has ensured that alcohol is sold in designated points such as the students core group and not just anywhere and this helps reduce its accessibility thus reducing its abuse. Any misconduct upon being drunk should be reported to the campus dean within twenty four hours of such offence and appropriate punishment administered according to the law (Presley, Meilman, & Cashin, 1996).

Eating Christmas in the Kalahari Essay

In his article Eating Christmas in the Kalahari (1969), Richard Borshay lee(prenominal) tells of his three years spent living with the Kung San Bushmen, of some of their custom-builts, of how they noted Christmas and of how they dealt with gifts or rather his gift to them in particular. lee side explains that the local people thought him a miser because he maintained a two-month inventory of canned goods (p 111) which was in direct contrast to the Bushmen who rarely had a days supply of food on hand(p 111), and it appeared he was determined to correct this view.Lee writes that it is the Tswana-Herero custom of slaughtering an ox for his Bushmen neighbours as an annual goodwill gesture (p 111) at Christmas. By purchasing the Christmas ox for the Bushmens annual feast himself, Lee hoped that it would be seen as a generous (parting) gesture, a thank you for their cooperation as in Western culture and perhaps also the catalyst for dispelling their view of him as a miser.Lee appears to want the reader to reckon that he was confused about his failure to gain the (expected) appreciation from the Bushmen for his generosity but was instead ridiculed for his choice of ox with mordacious descriptions such as scrawny (p 112), old wreck(p 111), sack of guts and bones(p 111), old(p 111), thin(p 111) and sick(p 113). Lee further leads us to guess that his confusion became more profound on Christmas Day when the ox was slaughtered and was found to have a thick layer of fat covering the meat. Although Lee indicates that he felt vindicated in his choice of ox, the derision and sarcasm continued throughout the slaughtering process.Lee writes that he later sought clarification and explanation from several(prenominal) of the local people and was eventually told that the Bushmens sarcasm or obligatory insults over a kill(p 114), was their custom and was amechanism used to obstruct hunters from getting an inflated ego and/or seeing themselves as better than anyone else.I hav e a problem with Lees account inasmuch as I find it extremely difficult if not impossible to believe that after spending three years living with and studying the lives, activities and customs of the Bushmen, Lee had never once seen, heard nor heard of this custom and I would be loathe to place more than a token amount of faith in the honesty and correctness of this or any other of his writings or observations as a result.That the Bushmen included Lee in their customs and constructed a communicate around him at his expense are inclusionary actions that would normally indicate an acceptance into a group and I believe that Lees writings were selfish in that he wanted the reader to believe the Bushmen had thought highly enough of him to include him and treat him as they would one of their own.I also believe that Lee has taken liberties with the translations of a number of conversations with various individuals in order for the reader to have no doubt about what it was that Lee himself wanted to convey. I do not believe that words and terms such as arrogance(p 114), hogging(p 112), nevertheless(p 114), scrawny (p 112), rascal(p 113), braggart(p 113), you have always been full-strength with us (p 111), sack of guts and bones(p 111), old wreck(p 111), I suppose(p 112), feeling as we do(p 112), another one pipes up(p 113), you moldiness respond in kind(p 114), are part of the native language as Lee would allege in his quotes of conversations with the natives. These quotes are peppered with language that is more imputable to a certain class of native of the UK, not one of the Kalahari.From my reading of Lees article, I believe it is zippo more than a sickly veiled attempt to elevate his own importance in the mind of the reader and perhaps even his peers. I feel that Lee has done a huge disservice to not only himself and his own credibility but also to that of the profession of anthropology. What does Lees article say about his observational strengths in the fiel d if after three years he fails to note what appears to be a verypowerful and meaningful hunting custom?In closing, I admit to agreeing with Lees statement there are no totally generous acts(p 114). Every act of gift giving is inextricably attached to an expected or preconceived return or reciprocity either in manner or kind and this may be nothing more than feeling good.********************REFERENCESLee, Richard Borshay1969 Eating Christmas in the Kalahari reprinted in A. Podolefsky and P. Brown (eds.), Applying Cultural Anthropology an introduction. (1991), Mountainview Mayfield, pp. 110-114.

Christian conceptions Essay

Baldassargon Castigli hotshots work The Courtier has similar conceptions of grace and love when comwhittled to with Christian conceptions. Baldassare Castiliogne characterizes the actiers of Urbino as omini per virtu singulari (IV, 2, 446 hands singular in range286), emphasizing their grace and virtue they were able to exhibit throughout the entire passage. This also reflects the ways they were able to entice the fancy of the readers and make their (readers) minds more creative. Castiglione writes about the Urbino court and its inhabitants as a kind of ideal place where grace and virtue was heavily practiced.Most of the courtiers and ladies in the court possess only minor character flaws and petty foibles. In his writing, he idealizes them as civilized and perfectly restrained individuals who are devoid of serious personal vices and defects. In a sense, Castiglione wants to present them as ideal types, as the onorati esempi di virtu (IV, 2, 448 honored models of worthiness287) a s can be read from his prologues where moral fortitude, acquaintance and genuine love should emulate and be exuded by the readers even after reading the entire piece.The following excerpt from The Courtier shows that Lord Guidobaldo has lived an exemplary life worth of emulation by the other inhabitants. When lord Guidobaldo di Montefeltro, duke of Urbino, passed from this life, I together with several other knights who had served him remained in the service of duke Francesco Maria della Rovere, heir and successor to Guidobaldos put forward and as in my mind there remained fresh the odor of duke Guidos virtues and the satisfaction which I in those years had felt from the loving company of such excellent persons, as then frequented the court of Urbino.(Letter, 1, 67-8) Castigliones goal in his work was to commemorate his statements of praise for Urbino and its inhabitants in general and conventional terms. He did not cite the military exploits or civic triumphs of a character he praises, instead, he celebrates either of them for their virtu, (virtue) their ingegno, (ingenuity) their ottime qualit (high dignity). Instead, Castiliogne characterizes these exploits as a collective victory for the person he is giving life to. This also gives life to the colorful sceneries and animations to the story as this draws the attention of the readers.Castiliogne pursues the elevation of Urbinos image to an exemplary moral excellence and its value for posterity. In his first two prologues, Castiglione highlights the superiority of Urbinos inhabitants. In the prologue to Book III, Castiglione states that if Urbinos pastimes convince him of its excellence, he should be able to imagine easily how frequently greater the courtiers virtuous actions were (III, 1, 336). In the last prologue, Castiglione praises the courtiers directly as omini per virtu singulari (IV, 2, 446 men singular in worth286).He viewed the court as a paragon of moral exempla (IV, 2, 448 chiari ed onorati esempi di virtu). The court is presented as an ethical model not only to other existing courts at that time plainly also to the succeeding generations to come. Moreover, Castiglione confesses in the third prologue that he wrote his text carefully to faria vivere negli animi dei posteri (III, 1, 336 make it live in the mind of posterity202). Finally, as his culture upholds upright antiquity, he projects that the young and upcoming generation will envy his time because of the exemplary Urbino court.(III, 1, 336 forse per lavvenire non manchera chi per questo ancor porti invidia al secol nostro). Similarly, the virtues of grace and love which are present in Castiliognes work are also present in Christian morals and manners. Christian morals are a usage of moral discernment and moral reasoning. For instance, James Gustafson stated that moral discernment refer to basic dispositions that are shaped in part by the credit and trust Christians arrive as they offer themselves up to God. Moreover, James Gustafson stated that the concept of moral discernment was related to moral reasoning. Gustafson explained that moral reasoning pertains to a character, or personal moral ability, which covers dispositions, traits, and actions of the moral agent. (Selnick, 1992). Castiliogne stated that the courtier is expected to serve and increase in favour with her Lady. He should instruct her in virtue and finish from vice and dishonesty. He should s pecker truth all the time. This concern is evident in Christian morals and manners.According to Harring, the moral and religious value of our acts attains the peak level only when the fundamental option results in the conquest ones energies and vision such that ones motives and decisions come from the depth in which the Spirit moulds and guides. (Harring, 1978). Castiliogne exhorts the courtiers to be kind to their subordinates, to avoid flattery, to be wise in the relations with other states and to have good manners in speech and l anguage. Moreover, the courtier essential have good utterance and sweetish language to the other personalities in the court and avoid offending other people.This exhortation finds a strong victuals in Christianitys theological and ethical attention which has shifted away from the relations with the divine towards human relations to interpersonal human relations. (Post, 1990). This shift resulted in the sourish distinction between public activity and private relations. First, it highlighted the fact that the egotisms relation with God does not necessarily impact on ones neighbor. Second, it states that the divine intentions may not relate directly to an individuals human flourishing.This re-evaluation of ones faith highlights the moral dimensions of Christianity and renders faith as an essential and crucial aspect of living well. (Weaver, 2002) The old men then attack the change in customs in Urbino court which they perceive as reflective of moral decay. In response to this, Cas tiliogne countered that he is a judge who can state that there is no age, past or present that is any totally good or totally evil. Then in this excerpt, Castiliogne argued that it is the old men who have changed their behavior and not the courts.These old men lament their qualifying of youth, power, and vitality. This situation leads to nostalgia which distorts the truth about both past and present. This excerpt is as follows ne dei passati piaceri riserva (lanimo) altro che una tenace memoria e la imagine di quel caro tempo della tenera eta, nella quale quando ci ritrovamo, ci pare che sempre il cielo e la terra ed ogni cosa faccia festa e rida intorno agli occhi nostri, e nel pensiero come in un delizioso e vago giardino fiorisca la dolce primavera dallegrezza.(The Courtier II, 1, 188) . . . and the mind retains of past pleasures merely a lingering memory and the image of that precious time of tender youth in which (while we are enjoying it), wherever we look, heaven and earth and everything appear merry and smiling, and the sweet springtime of happiness seems to flower in our thoughts as in a delightful and lovely garden. (The Courtier II, 1, 188) Similarly, Christian morality has shown interest in ones personal ethical development.The flourishing of the self encompassing virtue ethics and spirituality reveals a post modern reassessment of the classical concepts and tools for reflecting on the selfs good. (Naussbam, 1994). Baldassare Castiliogne characterizes the courtiers of Urbino as omini per virtu singulari (IV, 2, 446 men singular in worth286), emphasizing their grace and virtue. Similarly, Christian morals and manners show the importance of all the human virtues required of the courtiers during the time of the Urbino court.The courtiers excellent speech, manners and deportment to their equals and subordinates exhibit a vivid example of their faith and their excellent human manners. Alongside the traditions and practices that the courtiers have show n, the author have clearly emphasized on the human manners that there should be equality among all others and in order to achieve a specific and unified goal, there should be subordination so that in the long run, there will be authority to be followed and rules are set on such manners. Works Cited Castiglione, Baldassare.The Book of the Courtier. New york Scribners Son, 1901. 7-439. James M. Gustafson, Moral Discernment in the Christian Life, in Gene H. Outka and capital of Minnesota Ramsey, Norm and Context in Christian Ethics. New York Charles Scribners Sons, 1968, p. 31. Haring, Bernard. Free and Faithful in Christ. New York Seabury Press A Crossroads Book, 1978, p. 85. Kolsky, Stephen D. Old men in a New World Morello da Ortona in the Cortegiano. Italica 75 (1998) 336-448. Long, Edward Leroy. A Survey of Recent Christian Ethics. New York Oxford University Press, 1982. Martha Nussbaum.The Therapy of Desire scheme and Practice in Hellenistic Ethics. Princeton, NJ Princeton Uni versity Press, 1994. Post, Stephen. A possible action of Agape On the Meaning of Christian Love. Lewisburg, PA Bucknell University Press, 1990. Selnick, Philip. The Moral Commonwealth Social Theory and the Promise of Community. Berkeley University of California Press, 1992, p. 361. Weaver, Darlene. Self Love and Christian Ethics. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2002. Webhorn, Wayne. Courtly Performances Masking and Festivity in Castigliones Book in the Courtier. University of Texas at Austin, 1978.

Summary of Globalization

* Review Gail Wyatts research on heterosexuals cutting womens sexual experience (notes from slides). * According to the article Married to the Holy Spirit and house notes what are some potential consequences for attempting to maintain a faith-based abstinence life style? * What are some of the characteristics of different gender presentations of Black lesbians (e. g. , femmes, studs). * Identify the ship canal that Black lesbians deal with sexual prejudice in their lives (article It aint all as bad as it may seem). * Define sexual concurrency. How does it influence male-female relationships and pass judgment of HIV. Black motherhood * According to Chaney, how do Black women define womanhood? * How do parents, peers, healthcare workers, and the media influence Black womens sexual practices and attitudes toward delaying early pregnancy as they pursue their education (Dilworth article). * How has Black womens reproduction been controlled throughout history (Flavin article and notes). * Identify some specific socialization messages that Black women give to their daughters (Thomas article). Community abandon/Homicide Review the statists on friendship violence and homicide. What are some specific types of homicide? * What community characteristics increase the probability of community violence? * Discuss at least 3 different factors (they could be historical, social, or economic) that make Black women more vulnerable to violence or make it more difficult for them to recover. * Explain Black mothers cognitive process and ways of finding meaning after the loss of a child to homicide. * What are some ways that Black women coping with community violence in housing projects.Sexual Assault/Intimate Partner Violence * According to a Black feminist perspective, what factors do researchers consider when explaining inner(a) partner violence (Potter article). * What are some factors that make the recovery process more challenging for Black victims of sexual harassment? * Regarding sexual assault, identify the characteristics of survivors and their assault, try factors, and physical and mental health consequences. What are some culturally sensitive responses to treating Black survivors?

Development of the Cold War Essay

Up until 1945 the tensions between the USSR and the the States had been covered by the fact that both sides were trying to fight against Hitler and therefore relations up until the state of war had been relaxed. However this mixtured after 1945 the victory against Germany brought them international superpower status giving them much than control and influence over many countries especially in east Europe. As a result Stalin changed and adapted policies accordingly to increase competition with the the States both countries were fearful of each other hence why Stalin surd on things such as industry and ignoring agricultural occupation for example. I will explain what and why the cold war influenced Stalins policies indoors the USSR and scrape up to a death.My first point is that Stalin focused his efforts even more on the development of industry than ever before. The reason why Stalin did this was to rival the USAs superpower status and therefore they focused on quantitative rather than the qualitative side of industry. Stalin wasnt worried if the products they produced were any good as dour as they met the 5 year plan targets then he believed he could compete with the USA. This manoeuvered as according to the statistics every planned target in 1950 was plainly met e.g. the coal target was 250 million tons which they surpassed and reached 261 million tons. Even the figures may have been exaggerated it is clear that the Stalinist approach had worked in cost of get from the war as well making significant progress in terms of producing goods.My next point is again to do with industrial production, solely more specifically how they focused on heavy industry and capital goods in order to help with defence and the production of nuclear weapons. In 1950 industrial production was almost up by 75% compared to 1940. The most significant increases were in the production of capital goods such as coal and steel which were important in terms of everyday living. Defence was also an important sector in the USSR as it received the most favourable treatment in the allocation of resources, including dexterous labour. The reason why Stalin squeezed on these things was because he wanted to carry out the task and maintain their new superpower status. Stalin was also fearful of the USA and the UK because they had refused to share information with him on the atom bombs which increased the tensions further between them and the USA. But because of Stalins drive to carry through heavy industry and concentrate peculiarly on their defence he was able to use his skilled labour and eventually managed to produce their own bomb by 1949.Another change to policies inside the USSR was to do with social policies and more specifically the campaign against cosmopolitanism. The reason why Stalin approved of the campaign against cosmopolitanism was because he feared anything from the Western world and he was particularly scared of what would happen in Leningrad a s it was known as the window to the West where Stalin believed foreign influences was most likely to enter the USSR. He therefore contrasted and banned things such as jazz music which was seen as something that was particularly Western. It wasnt just that though as what was known as the Leningrad purge in 1948 where over 200 leading Leningrad party officials were either arrested or shot also occurred.Other things that were controlled because of the cold war tensions included controls on what was read as well as what was viewed at cinemas & theatres. But the campaign against cosmopolitanism was also linked with the increased anti-Semitism, the discrimination and violence against Jews. Other examples include the doctors while where Jewish doctors were blamed poisoning Zhadnov and plotting Stalins death as well as banning marriages with foreigners. The reason why Stalin did this was because the cold war essentially do him even more suspicious of the West and therefore made him becom e stricter in terms of the policies he carried out.Alongside the campaign against cosmopolitanism was the rise in Russian nationalism. The USSR distrusted the Western powers and capitalism and Stalin knew that the two sides (USSR and USA) could not work together without trying to fight for supremacy at some point. The USSR decided that they would do this by valuate everything that was Russian and making out that anything Russian was better than anything from the West. But in general this was excessive and made them look insecure this reflected that in the past they were oftentimes invaded by Western powers that had better technology, as well as showing that they werent used to their new superpower status.The reason why Stalin imposed these policies inside the USSR was to make sure the people knew that anything Russian was far superior to anything that was Western and make the USSR look even better in terms being seen as a great country from anywhere in the world. The essence of co mpetition was important to Stalin as he wanted his country to look even greater than the USA.The victory against Germany in the Great Patriotic war gave the USSR the chance to expand and gain more communist allies and help spread their influence in Eastern Europe particularly as well as the world in general. Stalin concentrated his efforts mainly on Eastern Europe as an indemnity zone essentially to help protect them if they did come under attack from the USA. After 1945 the USSR recaptured Baltic States and therefore he had control over some major(ip) Eastern European countries such as Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and Romania. This was important for two reasons, one because it would add protection if they came under attack again as well as spread their communist roots/ideologies so that they would gain more influence for the future.This was even discussed with wartime allies, the USA and the UK at the Yalta and Potsdam conferences. This was to help decide the fate of post-war Europe. It was dominated by Stalin and the conferences helped decide on the amount of influence countries had and who would make key decisions. Stalin also used his powerful position to strip assets from the Eastern countries mentioned above to help rebuild Soviet industry. By doing this they could deal with the fact that Stalin was fearful of the USA because of their development of the atomic bomb and the increasing tensions between the two countries.The tension between the USSR and the USA also explains to some extent to why Stalin continued to ignore agricultural production and focus on industrial production as mentioned above. The situation got worse first during the war when the general public faced starvation because there was a lack of food and this continued to get worse as famine affected the USSR in 1946 & 47 when other Baltic states e.g. Moldova had to deal with drought. Agricultural production during the development of the cold war therefore continued to get worse as the planned 1950 target wasnt met (didnt get close). Another reason that could be suggested why Stalin ignored agricultural production was because there was a lack of competition with the USA in terms of agriculture, and therefore to him it didnt really matter. Stalins rural economy was consequently a failure, which clearly underperformed and was plainly a weakness in the Soviet regime. The fact was because money was being directed towards industry there wasnt any many to spend on producing food and providing modern equipment.My last point is what was known as comecon or short for The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. The Comecon was founded in 1949 by the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. The primary factors in Comecons creation were that Stalins desire was to co-operate and strengthen the international communist relationship at an economic level with the lesser states of Eastern Europe. This was a solution to the USAs marshal p lan which provided aid and money to European countries that were affected by the war. Again this gives the sense of competition that Stalin liked to implement and show that the USSR was more than a match to the USA.The programme also encouraged trade and industrial between the communist countries. There was also an important legacy of this draft period of activity the Sofia principle which radically weakened intellectual property rights, making each countrys technologies available to the others which greatly benefited the USSR because in terms of technology they were far behind most countries. If it wasnt for the USAs Marshall Plan then the USSR would probably not have gained advanced technology, but because of the influence of the cold war Stalin wanted to compete with the USA at everything and make them look superior in any way possible.In conclusion I believe the development of the cold war greatly influenced Stalins policies in the USSR. The fact that Stalin saw the USA as majo r competition in terms of being the ultimate superpower in the world also drove these policies faster than they might have been without the tensions of the cold war. But the fact that Stalin became more paranoid and suspicious as this reign went on also explains some changes in his policies e.g. becoming stricter on Jews. However in my opinion most of his policies including steering on industrial production, ignoring agricultural production, introducing Comecon and the upsurge in Russian Nationalism can all be accounted for by the influence of the cold war.

Race and Your Community Essay

My federation is very diverse. On the left side of my house you will let a young, white on white, married couple and to my left the opposite is true you will find an older, gruesome on black, married couple. If you walk w atomic number 18 my street you will find a wide range of colors and ages any of which may be married or single, in an interracial descent or of the same race. The odouring tends to be live and let live, or so I public opinion until I actually spoke with some of my friends that atomic number 18 either of color or are in interracial relationships.What I found was shocking to me and that is that racism is very much alive in my lodge. I am a white female and I am 35 years old and I am married to a white musical composition that is 30 years old. I have three children from a previous espousal and they are also white. Because the media tends to be geared toward mickle of white scrape up I would have to say that they represent people like me. Our local news sta tion consists of two Hispanic news anchors and the rest of the journalists are to begin with white, but I do know of ane black gentleman.Every where you go in my community the two races that you see represented are whites and Hispanics. Im non confident(predicate) what the estimateing is concerning the lack of recognition for the other races, but it does bother me that it is so very obvious in its exclusion of others. I am assuming that these decisions are made by leaders within the community, but who they might be I am not sure. I truly dont have much to do with leaders in my community do it onside of my Pastors and their view is very much the same as tap and that is that people are people and God made us all to be equal.My Pastor has a daughter that is mix and maybe this is one primer he is so open to all races and people. The one thing that you will notice when you walk into my church is that it boldnesss like a racial rainbow. There are a great many races and ethnic g roups represented and it is a great place to be. You have pretty much every kind of interracial marriage that you can put together with the races represented and out of this you have some pretty awesome children. I have the honor of working with the little ones and I think that it is so cool that they are growing up in a world that is so open and colorful.At least this is what I thought onward I actually spoke with some of the adults nearly their day-by-day lives as a person of color or in a heterogeneous marriage with mixed children. I spoke with one woman named Roni I have known this woman for 8 years and what I found out I will have to say was a shock to me. I was say her some things that I was learning in this row and asked her what she thought about racism and if she experienced any form of it. I have to tell you that I honestly did not expect her to yes.Well, she did and she went on to tell me how when her oldest son was in Kindergarten she was at the Principals persona on numerous occasions because of how her son was being treated. He even came home singing a song once that was denigrating towards black people. Obviously her son didnt know what he was singing but she did and it grieved and angered her. Roni is a Hispanic woman that is married to a black man so keep this in mind when picturing her in the office of a white principal discussing racially slanderous songs that her son was taught in his class. I had such a hard time even empathizing with her.As a white woman I do not even think I have ever been a situation remotely like this. Needless to say she had to be very careful how she worded things to make the principal educate responsibility for what was going on in the school. She went on to tell me many other stories of how her children were abused in class because of their skin color and how people look at them and stereotype them because they are not white. I would love to tell you that this was the only example of racism but I would no t be telling you the truth. My best friend is a white woman in her mid-twenties and she is married to a black man and they have 4 children together.Her kids call me auntie ShaSha. I was there when these children were born and I love them dearly. I see them as children and it never occurred to me that others may see them as anything else. Well, as I mentioned before I do not have any outputs within the community. Everyone is friendly and helpful and I am usually welcomed with a smile, well if I am dressed nice but that is another paper, so imagine my shock when I took her children out to the grocery store and people actually treated my otherwise because I had mixed children with me.This was not the first time I had been in public with the children but it was the first time that I was out with them alone and to my warning signal people actually looked down their noses to me and for the first time I realized what it must feel like to be a woman living in an interracial world. At fi rst I thought maybe I was just having an off day so I talked to Alanna (the childrens mother) about it and she substantiate that she is treated like this on a regular basis. She went on to tell me a story about being at the doctors office and how the doctor was ugly to her and her son and even went so far as to refuse to treat her son.She complained to the department head and the issue was resolved, but she assured me this was not the only incident concerning racism. There is a section of my community where the racism is in reverse it is blacks being racist towards whites. I honestly couldnt learn it out and I was upset about it as well. In my ignorance I was upset about them always complaining about the slave days and how their ancestors were mistreated and so on and so forth. I wanted to shout to them to let it go and move on and to look around because those days were over and not everyone is racist anymore.Well, through this class I have learned so much about them and what has transpired over the last 100 years and have come to realize that it really hasnt been long enough for the younger generations to separate it in their thinking yet and that they are upset for many reasons but one valid reason is that they have never been apologized to for the travesty they had to endure at the hands of greedy and self-serving people. I am so thankful for this class because it has afforded me the opportunity to get shocked out of my little bubble and to really get to know my brothers and sisters and some of what they go through on a daily basis.I think that my community does a good job at representing minority group interests. Our schools have ESL programs in place and there is a community health clinic that runs off of a sliding scale for those that cannot afford medical exam insurance. Theres child care provided at no cost by the government. I dont mention these things to portray that all minority groups are poor, but the numbers show that there is a poverty issue among some minority groups and so I am thankful that these services are provided. I am one such person that cannot afford medical insurance at this time so I am grateful for these services.I honestly dont know what other services fate to be implemented but you can be sure that I will be talking to more people and finding out. I feel so liberated I find myself wanting to stop people and ask them what their experiences are and how it affects them and what they would change and why. I am just not sure how people will receive those kinds of questions from a 115 pound, white woman. I think that if there was one area that I could change it would be denote because I honestly do not believe that America is represented by the people that model for these pictures or advertisements.I would love to use people of color. Not just black or Hispanic, but the real color of America, at least in my community, is mix. It is Philippine and white or Puerto Rican and Black, but it is in spades colorful and diverse. I love my community. I know that it is not perfect but no community is or will ever be, but what my community has is a huge mix of people who the majority of love one another or at least accept everyone. Through this thinking I would have to say that we are the same. There are the ones that still have some growing to do, but progress is being made and through precept and time more progress will be made.

Industry Analysis: Soft Drinks Essay

Barbara Murray (2006c) explained the promiscuous confounding perseverance by stating, For years the tout ensembleegory in the nonalcoholic sector centered on the power struggle between snowfall and Pepsi. however as the pop fight has topped out, the fabrications giants have begun relying on un exemplard intersection point flavorsand looking to noncarbonated boozings for offshoot. In rewrite to fully understand the bonkers throw industriousness, the fol upseting should be considered the dominant economic factors, five matched reference works, manufacturing trends, and the indus emphasises key factors. Based on the analyses of the industry, specific recommendations for competitors can then be reachd.Dominant Economic Factors Market size, increment rate and over completely kaleability atomic number 18 three economic indicators that can be apply to evaluate the delicate draw industry. The grocery store size of this industry has been changing. Soft drink consum ption has a commercialise part of 46. 8% at bottom the non-alcoholic drink industry, garnishd in Table 1. Datamonitor (2005) alike found that the entire market value of docile drinks reached $307. 2 zillion in 2004 with a market value forecast of $367. 1 billion in 2009. Further, the 2004 soft drink volume was 325,367. 2 million liters (see Table 2).Cl ahead of time, the soft drink industry is remunerative with a potential for high profits, and there atomic number 18 several obstacles to overcome in order to capture the market sh argon. The growth rate has been recently criticized due to the U. S. market saturation of soft drinks. Datamonitor (2005) stated, looking ahead, despite solid growth in consumption, the ball-shaped soft drinks market is expected to slightly decelerate, reflecting doldrums of market harms. The change is attributed to the some another(prenominal) growing sectors of the non-alcoholic industry including tea and coffee (11. 8%) and bottled wate r (9. 3%).Sports drinks and muscle drinks argon likewise expected to change magnitude in growth as competitors start adopting newfound product terms. 2 Profitability in the soft drink industry will remain alternatively solid, but market saturation in particular in the U. S. has caused analysts to suspect a slight deceleration of growth in the industry (2005). Because of this, soft drink baksheeshers atomic number 18 establishing themselves in alternative markets such as the snack, confections, bottled water, and sports drinks industries (Barbara Murray, 2006c). In order for soft drink companies to continue to grow and accession profits they will urgency to diversify their product offerings.The geographic scope of the competitive rivalry explains some of the economic features found in the soft drink industry. agree to Barbara Murray (2006c), The sector is reign by three major playersCoca-Cola is king of the soft drink-empire and boasts a world-wide market share of arou nd 50%, followed by PepsiCo at some 21%, and Cadbury Schweppes at 7%. Aside from these major players, smaller companies such as Cott potful and National drinkable Company fetch up the remaining market share. All five of these companies make a good deal of their profits outside of the United States.Table 3 shows that the US does non hold the highest percentage of the world(a) market share, therefore companies need to be able to repugn globally in order to be successful. Table 4 indicates that Coca-Cola has a similar distribution of sales in Europe, North the States, and Asia. On the other hand, the majority of PepsiCos profits come from the United States (see Table 5). Compared to PepsiCo, Cadbury Schweppes has a stronger global presence with their global mix (see Table 7). Smaller companies are also trying to establish a global presence. Cott Corporation is a good example as indicated in Table 8.The saturation of the US markets has change magnitude the global working out by soft drink spark advanceers to increase their profits. The ease of entry and exit does not cause competitive pressure on the major soft drink companies. It would be very delicate for a new company to enter this industry because they 3 would not be able to compete with the realised grease names, distribution channels, and high capital investment. Likewise, leaving this industry would be difficult with the operative loss of money from the fixed costs, binding contracts with distribution channels, and advertisements used to create the strong instigant images.This industry is well established already, and it would be difficult for any company to enter or exit successfully. common chord leading companies have prominent presence in the soft drink industry. The leaders include the Coca-Cola Company, PepsiCo, and Cadbury Schweppes. According to the Coca- Cola yearly report (2004), it has the most soft drink sales with $22 billion. The Coca-Cola product greenback has several pop ular soft drinks including Coca-Cola, diet Coke, Fanta, Barqs, and Sprite, selling over 400 drink brands in about 200 nations (Murray 2006a).PepsiCo is the next top competitor with soft drink sales grossing $18 billion for the ii swallow subsidiaries, PepsiCo Beverages North America and PepsiCo International (PepsiCo Inc. , 2004). PepsiCos soft drink product line includes Pepsi, muckle Dew, and Slice which make up to a greater extent than one- quarter of its sales. Cadbury Schweppes had soft drink sales of $6 billion with a product line consisting of soft drinks such as A&W Root Beer, Canada Dry, and Dr. spice (Cadbury Schweppes, 2004). fiscal Analysis The carbonated beverage industry is a highly competitive global industry as illustrated in the financial statements.According to John Sicher of Beverage Digest (2005), Coca-Cola was the number one brand with around 4. 5 billion cases sold in 2004. Pepsi followed with 3. 2 billion cases, and Cadbury had 1. 5 billion cases sold. Ho wever, the market share shows a different picture. Coca-Cola and PepsiCo control the market share with Coca-Cola holding 43. 1% and Pepsi with 31. 7% (see graph 1) however these market shares for both Coca-Cola and PepsiCo 4 have slightly decreased from 2003 to 2004. Coca-Colas volume has also decreased 1. 0% since 2003, whereas PepsiCos volume has increase 0. 4% (see Graph 1). provender Coke affix a 5% growth, but Coca-Colas other top 10 brands declined (Sicher, 2005). Overall, Coca-Colas market lay has declined in 2004. The strategic group map (see Graph 1) also shows the growth of Cott Corp. of 18% which is significantly high than that of Coca-Cola and PepsiCo. The American Beverage necktie (2006) states that in 2004, the retail sales for the entire soft-drink industry were $65. 9 billion. Barbara Murray (2006e) study the industry reasonables for 2004 and average dough profit margin was 11. 29%. The certain ratio average was 1. 11 and the apace ratio average was 0.8. Th ese figures help analyze the financial statements of the major corporations in the industry. As shown in Table 13, Coca-Cola has seen their net profit margin increase from 20. 7% to 22. 1% from 2003 to 2004. According to Coca-Colas annual report (2004), 80% of their sales are from soft drinks therefore the total sales amount was used for their financial analysis. These figures show that their profits are increasing, but at a slow rate. This is in line with what is happening in the soft drink industry. The market is highly competitive and growth has remained at a stable level.The slight increase in Coca-Colas profit margin is most likely from their new energy drink product line. This industry is currently expanding rapidly, and is allowing the major beverage companies to increase their profits. Table 13 also shows Coca-Colas working capital was around $1. 1 billion in 2004. This is a huge increase from 2003 at solely $500 million. This shows that they have sufficient currency to pu rsue new opportunities. However, their current ratio and nimble ratio are a cause for concern. A current ratio of 2 or better is considered good and Coca-Colas was 1.102. This number shows that they whitethorn not have enough funds to cover nobble term claims. The quick ratio for 2004 was at 5 0. 906 and is considered good when it is greater than 1. This illustrates that Coca-Cola may not have the ability to pay short term debt without selling inventory. These two numbers are a concern because they are not able to satisfy their short term obligations. The current and quick ratios are in line with the industry averages, however (Murray, 2006e), Coca-Cola needs to mitigate these ratios in order digest on long-term plans (Coca-Cola Company, 2004).PepsiCos financial statements cannot be analyzed for only the soft drinks industry because they do not distinguish between businesses. Over half their profits are from snacks or other beverage items however there are sales and profit figur es for their two beverage subsidiaries. These sales figures grew from almost $16. 5 billion in 2003 to $18 billion in 2004 (Pepsi Co. Inc. , 2004). Their operating profit margin also increased 1% from 2003 to 2004 as illustrated in Table 13. This shows that beverage profits are increasing for them, but also at a slow rate.The increase could be due to the increase in market share that the Pepsi products gained in 2004 (Sicher 2004). The PepsiCo. yearly Report (2004) stated that beverage volume increased 3% in 2004, but was driven by the high growth of the non-carbonated beverage industry. Cadburys current and quick ratios are very similar to those of Coca-Cola. The current ratio and quick ratio for Cadbury Schweppes for 2004 were both 0. 917 (see Table 13). Again, the current ratio should be 2 or more than, and the quick ratio should be over 1.This illustrates that Cadbury also has difficulty paying short term debt and claims. Cadburys net profit margin has increased by 0. 7% from 2 003 to 2004. This can be attributed to their market share growth in 2004 of 0. 2% (Sicher, 2005). One ratio that is concerning is their debt to equity ratio for 2004 in Table 13. They have almost two times as much debt as they do to equity, which bureau that their funds are mainly provided by creditors as opposed to owners. This is concerning because they 6 owe a divide of money, and must make a decent profit to be able to pay it off.The industry average for debt to equity is 81%, and Cadbury is far from that number (2006e). Also, Cadbury has a negative working capital for both 2003 and 2004, gist they have more liabilities than assets. This shows that they do not have any funds to pursue new opportunities, as their current assets are being used to pay off liabilities (Cadbury, 2004). Overall, the financial statements of the three top competitors in the soft drink industry show that the industry is highly competitive and has little growth. Net profit margins increased for all thr ee corporations, however only at a small rate.It also seems that all three companies lack sufficient current and quick ratios, but are all within a reasonable range of the industry average (2006e). This may be due to expanding their product lines to include energy drinks and non-carbonated beverages in order to increase profits and diversify their business. The soft drinks market is now in the full-blown stage of the life cycle. Growth in the industry has remained stagnant, and the financial statements of the major corporations in the industry illustrate that their sales and income are following this trend.The companies are in good financial positions gross profits and net profit margins are continuing to increase each year. The leverage and activity ratios are all within reasonable range. However, one area all three corporations need to improve on is the liquidity ratios. Their quick and current ratios are low and need to be increased so they are able to decent short-term obligat ions. Five Competitive Forces for Coca-Cola Company The soft drink industry is very competitive for all corporations involved, with the great competition being that from rival sellers within the industry. All soft drink companies have to 7think about the pressures that from rival sellers within the industry, new entrants to the industry, military reserve products, suppliers, and purchasers. The competitive pressure from rival sellers is the greatest competition that Coca-Cola faces in the soft drink industry. Coca-Cola, Pepsi Co. , and Cadbury Schweppes are the largest competitors in this industry, and they are all globally established which creates a great amount of competition. Though Coca-Cola owns four of the top five soft drink brands (Coca-Cola, fare Coke, Fanta, and Sprite), it had bring low sales in 2005 than did PepsiCo (Murray, 2006c).However, Coca-Cola has higher sales in the global market than PepsiCo. In 2004, PepsiCo dominated North America with sales of $22 billi on, whereas Coca-Cola only had about $6. 6 billion, with more of their sales culmination from overseas, as shown in Table 4 and Table 5. PepsiCo is the main competitor for Coca-Cola and these two brands have been in a power struggle for years (Murray, 2006c). cross off name loyalty is another competitive pressure. The fool Keys Customer Loyalty Leaders Survey (2004) shows the brands with the greatest customer loyalty in all industries.Diet Pepsi ranked 17th and Diet Coke ranked 36th as having the most loyal customers to their brands. allude to List 15 for the brand loyalty rankings of the various competitors. The new competition between rival sellers is to create new varieties of soft drinks, such as vanilla and cherry, in order to keep increasing sales and enticing new customers (Murray, 2006c). wise entrants are not a strong competitive pressure for the soft drink industry. Coca-Cola and Pepsi Co dominate the industry with their strong brand name and great distribution channe ls.In addition, the soft-drink industry is fully saturated and growth is small. This makes it very difficult for new, unknown entrants to start competing against the existing firms. another(prenominal) barrier to entry is the high fixed costs for warehouses, trucks, and labor, and economies of scale. New 8 entrants cannot compete in price without economies of scale. These high capital requirements and market saturation make it extremely difficult for companies to enter the soft drink industry therefore new entrants are not a strong competitive force (Murray, 2006c). moderation products are those competitors that are not in the soft drink industry. Such substitutes for Coca-Cola products are bottled water, sports drinks, coffee, and tea. Bottled water and sports drinks are increasingly popular with the trend to be a more health conscious consumer. There are progressively more varieties in the water and sports drinks that appeal to different consumers tastes, but also appear healthie r than soft drinks. In addition, coffee and tea are competitive substitutes because they provide caffeine.The consumers who purchase a circulate of soft drinks may substitute coffee if they want to keep the caffeine and neglect the sugar and carbonation. strong suit blend coffees are also becoming more popular with the increasing number of Starbucks stores that offer many an(prenominal) different flavors to appeal to all consumer markets. It is also very cheap for consumers to switch to these substitutes making the threat of substitute products very strong (Datamonitor, 2005). Suppliers for the soft drink industry do not hold much competitive pressure. Suppliers to Coca-Cola are bottling equipment manufacturers and secondary packaging suppliers.Although Coca-Cola does not do any bottling, the company owns about 36% of Coca-Cola Enterprises which is the largest Coke bottler in the world (Murray, 2006a). Since Coca-Cola owns the majority of the bottler, that particular supplier do es not hold much bargaining power. In terms of equipment manufacturers, the suppliers are generally providing the same products. The number of equipment suppliers is not in short supply, so it is moderately easy for a company to switch suppliers. This takes away much of suppliers bargaining power. 9.The buyers of the Coca-Cola and other soft drinks are mainly large grocers, discount stores, and restaurants. The soft drink companies distribute the beverages to these stores, for resale to the consumer. The bargaining power of the buyers is very limpid and strong. Large grocers and discount stores buy large volumes of the soft drinks, allowing them to buy at lower prices. Restaurants have slight bargaining power because they do not order a large volume. However, with the number of people are drinking less soft drinks, the bargaining power of buyers could start increasing due to decreasing buyer demand (Murray, 2006a).Porters Five Forces Model identifies the five forces of competitio n for any company. The recognition of the capability of these forces helps to see where Coca-Cola stands in the industry. Of the five forces, rivalry within the soft drink industry, especially from PepsiCo, is the greatest source of competition for Coca-Cola. assiduity Changes The soft drink industry is affected by macroenvironmental factors of the industry that will lead to change. First, the entry/exit of major firms is a trend in the industry that will likely lead to change.More specifically, merger and consolidation has been prevalent in the soft drinks market, causing some firms to exit the industry and then re-enter themselves. Several leading companies have been looking to drive revenue growth and improve market share through the increased economies of scale found through mergers and acquisitions. One specific example is how PepsiCo acquired Quaker Oats, who bought Gatorade which will help expand PepsiCos energy drink sector (Datamonitor, 2005). This trend has increased com petition as firms diversification of products is increasing.A second trend in the macroenvironment is globalization. With the growing use of the profit and other electronic technologies, global communication is rapidly increasing. This is 10 allowing firms to collaborate within the country market and expand into world markets. It has driven competition greatly as companies strive to be first-movers. Specifically, the global soft drink markets compound annual growth rate (CAGR) is expected to expand to 3. 6% from 2004 to 2009 (Datamonitor, 2005). Third, changing societal concerns, attitudes, and lifestyles are heavy trends.In the United States and Europe, people are becoming more concerned with a healthy lifestyle. Consumer awareness of health problems arising from obesity and inactive lifestyles represent a austere risk to the carbonated drinks sector (Datamonitor, 2005, p. 15). The trend is causing the industrys business environment to change, as firms are differentiating their p roducts in order to increase sales in a stagnant market. Thus, the long-term industry growth rate, the fourth trend, shows low growth in recent years. Since 2000, the CAGR is 1. 5 per cent (Datamonitor, 2005).The low growth rates are of concern for soft drink companies, and several are creating new strategies to combat the low rates. This leads to the fifth trend of growing buyer preferences for differentiated products. Because soft drinks have been around since as early as 1798 (American Beverage Association, 2006), buyers want innovation with the products they buy. In todays globalizing society, being plain is not good enough. According to Barbara Murray (2006c), The key for all of these beverage companies is differentiation. The giants have new formulations and appearances.Whatever the strategy, be it a new color, flavor, or formula, companies will strive to create the greatest brand awareness in the minds of the consumer in the hopes of crowding out its competitors. Thus, the l ast trend, product innovation, is necessary to combat buyers need for a variety of tastes. Firms are already differentiating by taste, with the Coca-Cola company as an example. The firms product line includes regular Coca-Cola, Diet Coke, Diet cherry Coke, 11 cherry Coke, Vanilla Coke, Coca-Cola with Lime, Coca-Cola with lemon and many more (Murray, 2006a). Key mastery Factors.Key factors for competitive success within the soft drink industry branch from the trends of the macroenvironment. Primarily, constant product innovation is imperative. A company must be able to recognize consumer wants and needs, while maintaining the ability to pose with the changing market. They must keep up with the changing trends (Murray, 2006c). Another key factor is the size of the organization, especially in terms of market share. Large distributors have the ability to negotiate with stadiums, universities and school systems, making them the goop supplier for a specified period of time.Additionally , they have the ability to commit to mass purchases that significantly lower their costs. They must implement effective distribution channels to remain competitive. Taste of the product is also a key factor for success. Furthermore, established brand loyalty is a large aspect of the soft drink industry. Many consumers of carbonated beverages are extremely dedicated to a particular product, and rarely purchase other varieties. This stresses the importance of developing and maintaining a superior brand image.Price, however, is also a key factor because consumers without a strong brand preference will select the product with the most competitive price. Finally, global expansion is a vital factor in the success of a company within the soft drink industry. The United States has reached relative market saturation, requiring movement into the global industry to maintain growth (Datamonitor, 2005). Recommendations 12 sounding towards the future, the most important recommendation to Coca-Co la is continuing product innovation and expansion of their product line. The soft-drinks industry is fully saturated with competitors.Also, the industry is no longer expanding, and market share is actually decreasing as more consumers are looking to healthier options. By continually introducing new products, Coca-Cola will be able to increase their profits and allow the company to continue to grow. Also, having a diverse product line will make the corporation very stable, which is appealing to investors and creditors. A second recommendation would be to sustain or increase the global market share. Coca-Cola is very well-established globally, and is the global soft-drinks leader. This is very important to sustain because it is the source of the majority of their profits.If they lose global market share, their profits will decline dramatically. A final recommendation for Coca-Cola is to maintain and try to increase their brand loyalty. Diet Coke has the second highest brand loyalty of all the soft-drink competitors brands, and solid advertisement campaigns will help maintain the brand loyalty. They can also strive to obtain higher brand loyalty in all other brands, not solely Diet Coke. The brand loyalty is important because it will allow Coca-Cola to sustain profits and maintain their market share. 13 Appendix Table 1 Datamonitor (2005, May). Global Soft Drinks Industry Profile.New York. character reference Code 0199-0802. Table 2 Datamonitor (2005, May). Global Soft Drinks Industry Profile. New York. Reference Code 0199-0802. 14 Table 3 Datamonitor (2005, May). Global Soft Drinks Industry Profile. New York. Reference Code 0199-0802. Table 4 Murray, Barbara. (2006a). The Coca-Cola Company. Hoovers.Retrieved February 13, 2006, from http//premium. hoovers. com/subscribe/co/factsheet. x html? ID=10359 Coca-Cola 2004 Sales $ mil. % of total Europe/Eurasia/Middle East 7,195 33 North America 6,643 30 Asia 4,691 21 Latin America 2,123 10 Africa 1,067 5 Corporate 243 1 substance 21,962 coulombTable 5 Murray, Barbara. (2006b). Pepsi Co. Hoovers. Retrieved February 13, 2006, From http//premium. hoovers. com/subscribe/co/profile. xhtml? ID=11166 Pepsi Co. 2004 Sales $ mil. % of total US 18,329 63 Mexico 2,724 9 UK 1,692 6 Canada 1,309 4 Other countries 5,207 18 score 29,261 speed of light 15 Table 6 Murray, Barbara. (2006b). Pepsi Co. Hoovers. Retrieved February 13, 2006, From http//premium. hoovers. com/subscribe/co/profile. xhtml? ID=11166 Pepsi Co. 2004 Sales $ mil. % of total PepsiCo International 9,862 34 Frito-Lay North America 9,560 33 PepsiCo Beverages North America 8,313 28 Quaker Foods North America 1,526 5.Total 29,261 100 Table 7 Murray, Barbara. (2006d). Cadbury Schweepes Inc. Hoovers. Retrieved February 13, 2006, from http//premium. hoovers. com/subscribe/co/profile. x html? ID=41767 Cadbury Schweppes 2004 Sales % of total Americas Beverages 33 Europe, Middle East, Africa 25 Americas Confectionery 16 Asia/Pacific 16 Europe Beverag es 10 Total 100 Table 8 Walker, Tim (2006). Cott Corporation. Hoovers. Retrieved February 13, 2006, from http//premium. hoovers. com/subscribe/co/profile. xhtml? ID=42846 Cott Corporation 2004 Sales $ mil. % of total US 1,221. 8 74 Canada 189. 5 12 UK & Europe 186. 9 11.International 48. 1 3 Total 1,646. 3 100 Table 9 destine Financial Data from 2004 Income Statements. 2004 yearly Reports. (in millions) *only 50% of total sales included, the part attributed to beverage sales 16 Table 10 Select Financial Data from 2003 Income Statements. 2004 Annual Reports. (in millions) *only 50% of total sales included, the part attributed to beverage sales Table 11 Select Financial Data from 2004 balance Sheets. 2004 Annual Reports. (in millions) *only 50% of total sales included, the part attributed to beverage sales 17 Table 12 Select Financial Data from 2003 Balance Sheets.2004 Annual Reports. (in millions) *only 50% of total sales included, the part attributed to beverage sales 18 Table 13 Financial Analysis. Annual Reports. 19 Strategic Group Map goes here 20 List 1 Brand Keys Customer Loyalty Leaders survey (2004) Brandweek. com Brand Loyalty Rankings This year/Brand/Last social class 1. Google. com (2) 2. Avis (1) 3. Verizon extensive Distance (4) 4. KeySpan Energy (9) 5. Samsung winding call (7) 6. Hyatt Hotels (19) 7. Sprint Long Distance (3) 8. Canon status copier (8) 9. Yahoo. com (14) 10. Miller Genuine Draft (5) 11. Ritz-Carlton Hotels (17) 12. PSE&G (15) 13. Amazon.com (12) 14. Marriott Hotels (13) 15. Swissotel (NR) 16. Discover Card (27) 17. Diet Pepsi (31) 18. Budweiser (16) 19. Motorola winding Phone (10) 20. Coors (NR) 21. Netscape. com (59) 22. Sony Ericsson Mobile Phone (93) 23. Capital One Credit Card (29) 24. L. L. Bean Catalogue (20) 25. Wal-Mart (33) 26. Skechers (NR) 27. New Balance Athletic Shoe (22) 28. Miller Lite (87) 29. Starbucks (6) 30. Radisson (48) 31. BP gun (79) 32. Inter-Continental Hotels (NR) 33. Sears Catalogue (30) 34. Veriz on Wireless (37) 35. Schwab. com (26) 36. Diet Coke (47) 37. Mobil petrol (25) 38. T-Mobile Wireless (76) 39.Bell South Long Distance (28) 40. Adidas Athletic Shoe (23) 41. ETrade. com (42) 42. J. Crew Catalogue (54) 43. FedEx (50) 44. Westin Hotels (73) 45. Excite. com (35) 46. Hilton Hotels (36) 47. HotBot. com (34) 48. Sanyo Mobile Phone (NR) 49. MSN. com (38) 50. AltaVista. com (51) 21 51. AT&T Long Distance (24) 52. wince PCS Wireless (60) 53. Pepsi (61) 54. Target (62) 55. outflow Blue denudateways (67) 56. Bud Light (32) 57. Sears Store (40) 58. Sheraton Hotels (46) 59. Lands End Catalogue (55) 60. Hampton Inn Hotels (NR) 61. Nokia Mobile Phone (11) 62. MCI Long Distance (83) 63. Holiday Inn Hotels (NR) 64.Ameritrade. com (104) 65. Best Western Hotels (NR) 66. Lycos. com (39) 67. Wyndham Hotels (68) 68. Xerox Office duplicator (82) 69. Today (NBC) (56) 70. NFL (70) 71. MLB (58) 72. AOL. com (88) 73. Fox & Friends (Fox News Channel) (NR) 74. Southwest Airlines (64) 75. Ex xon Gasoline (43) 76. DHL/Airborne Express (45) 77. BarnesandNoble. com (152) 78. AskJeeves. com (113) 79. Embassy Suites (86) 80. Nextel Mobile Phone (148) 81. SBC Long Distance (21) 82. TDWaterhouse. com (49) 83. Apple Computers (66) 84. Budget Rent A Car (71) 85. Subway (91) 86. Coors Light (81) 87. Texaco Gasoline (18) 88. Poland Spring (NR) 89.Chevron Gasoline (44) 90. J. C. Penney (75) 91. Expedia. com (85) 92. Fidelity. com (65) 93. Qwest Long Distance (41) 94. Visa Card (100) 95. UPS (127) 96. Aquafina (NR) 97. Gateway Computers (53) 98. Hertz (84) 99. Amstel Light (97) 100. Amoco Gasoline (101) 101. Nike (94) 102. Ramada Hotels (NR) 103. T. Rowe Price Mutual Fund (74) 104. Cingular Wireless (107) 105. Con Edison (57) 106. Enterprise Rent-A-Car (90) 22 107. Nextel Wireless (134) 108. Delta Air Lines (72) 109. American Morning (CNN) (63) 110. Arrowhead (NR) 111. Dell Computers (69) 112. Fleet Bank (157) 113. NBA (98) 114. New York Life Insurance (139).115. Pizza hut (105) 11 6. National Discount Brokers (102) 117. MerrillLynch. com (95) 118. NEC (NR) 119. Panasonic Mobile Phone (124) 120. Fidelity (96) 121. Dasani (NR) 122. Papa Johns (118) 123. CDNow. com (153) 124. Datek. com (77) 125. sulphur Mobile Phone (52) 126. IBM Computers (110) 127. Best Buy (154) 128. Reebok Fitness Shoes (103) 129. Sunoco Gasoline (121) 130. Wendys (115) 131. Wachovia Bank (89) 132. in effect(p) Morning America (ABC) (120) 133. Buy. com (142) 134. Corona (132) 135. CheapTickets. com (NR) 136. HP Computers (92) 137. PNC Bank (NR) 138. Shell Gasoline (119) 139. Dunkin Donuts (109).140. Coca-Cola (129) 141. Citibank (112) 142. Early Show (CBS) (151) 143. AT&T Wireless (99) 144. Travelocity. com (138) 145. Bank of New York (158) 146. Bank of America (NR) 147. Continental Airlines (114) 148. CSFB. com (125) 149. Toshiba Computers (NR) 150. JP Morgan Chase Bank (106) 151. Krispy Kreme Doughnuts (117) 152. American Express Credit Card (135) 153. Deer Park (NR) 154. Sony Vaio (111 ) 155. Fodors. com (128) 156. Dominos Pizza (122) 157. Compaq Computers (80) 158. KFC (116) 159. Little Caesars (140) 160. Putnam (126) 161. Burger fagot (136) 162. Vanguard Mutual Fund (78) 23 163.United Air Lines (137) 164. Evian (NR) 165. Heineken (155) 166. Minolta Office Copier (159) 167. Travelers Insurance (144) 168. McDonalds (141) 169. National Car Rental (145) 170. Sharp Office Copier (169) 171. Hotels. com (147) 172. Janus Mutual Fund (123) 173. Ricoh Office Copier (164) 174. Godfathers (130) 175. Roundtable Pizza (131) 176. MetLife Insurance (162) 177. First USA (NR) 178. Fila (172) 179. Arbys (161) 180. American Airlines (143) 181. USPS Parcel lurch (156) 182. Prudential Insurance (163) 183. Dollar Rent A Car (167) 184. Bank One (NR) 185. Hardees (165) 186. backing Dew (168)187. PriceLine. com (160) 188. Chuck E. Cheese Pizza (146) 189. MasterCard (150) 190. US Airways (166) 191. Aetna Insurance (174) 192. 7 Up (170) 193. Dr Pepper (176) 194. Alamo Rent-a-Car (178) 19 5. scallywag in the Box Restaurant (171) 196. Taco Bell (173) 197. The Hartford Insurance (175) 198. Becks (179) 199. White castle (177) 200. NHL (180) 201. Diet 7 Up (108) 202. Kmart (182) 203. Diet Dr Pepper (133) 24 Works Cited American Beverage Association (2005). Soft Drink Facts. Retrieved February 21, 2006 from http//www. ameribev. org/variety/facts. asp Cadbury Schweppes. (2004). 2004 Annual Report.Retrieved February 17, 2006 from http//www. cadburyschweppes. com Datamonitor. (2005, May). Global Soft Drinks Industry Profile. New York. Reference Code 0199-0802. Hein, Kenneth. (2004). Brand Loyalty 2004. Retrieved February 12, 2006 from http//www. brandkeys. com/news/press/102504Brandweek. Loyalty. pdf Murray, Barbara. (2006a). The Coca-Cola Company. Hoovers. Retrieved February 13, 2006, from http//premium. hoovers. com/subscribe/co/factsheet. xhtml? ID=10359 Murray, Barbara. (2006b). Pepsi Co. Hoovers. Retrieved February 13, 2006, from http//premium. hoovers. com/subscribe/ co/profile. xhtml?ID=11166 Murray, Barbara. (2006c). change Beverages. Hoovers. Retrieved February 13, 2006, from http//premium. hoovers. com/subscribe/ind/overview. xhtml? HICID=1049 Murray, Barbara. (2006d). Cadbury Schweppes Inc. Hoovers. Retrieved February 13, 2006, from http//premium. hoovers. com/subscribe/co/profile. x html? ID=41767 Murray, Barbara. (2006e). Comparison Data. Hoovers. Retrieved February 13, 2006, from http//premium. hoovers. com/subscribe/co/fin/comparison. xhtml? ID=10359 PepsiCo Inc. (2004). 2004 Annual Report. Retrieved February 17, 2006 from http//www. pepsico. com Sicher, J. D. (2005). Beverage.

Working with Children with Additional Needs

Section B Specific superfluous Requirements Describe 3 examples of syndromes/conditions of your choice. Describe 2 strategies for individuall(a)y example described above. These strategies could be medical examination, nutritional, educational, social or emotional which are meant to meet the childrens additional inevitably. overmaster Syndrome Down Syndrome, also referred to as Trisomy 21, is a condition which ca pulmonary tuberculosiss delays in the development of children, both mentally and physiologically, due to extra genetic material.While normally when a baby is conceived it receives genetic in rowation in the form of 46 chromosomes, 23 from the m other(a) and 23 from the father, in a Down Syndrome the baby receives a add up of 47 chromosomes, where an extra chromosome 21 is received. This extra chromosome causes the bodily features and developmental delays that are associated with Down Syndrome. It is quieten un cognise why Down Syndrome occurs but at that place is no way to prevent it, and although children with Down Syndrome whitethorn allocate some physical and mental features it provide still range from mild to severe.It is known that women age 35 and over put up a signifi bay windowtly high risk of having a baby with Down Syndrome. The physical features common to children with Down Syndrome include an upward rip to the eyes, a short neck and a self-aggrandizing tongue, which whitethorn protrude, poor muscle tone (muscle hypotonia), a flat nasal bridge, un unremarkably large plaza between large toe and second toe, and humbled ears.Other problems think to Down Syndrome whitethorn include, but interchange from child to child, heart defects at birth, digestive outline problems, tuition difficulties, delayed language development, speech difficulties, pulmonic problems, problems with hearing and vision, thyroid problems, and delayed physical development, gain developmental milestones later than children without impairment, unneur otic with sundry(a) other medical conditions. Strategies for Down Syndrome. In the case of children with Down Syndrome early-intervention services are recommended.These include various medical check-ups, as well as working together with physical, occupational and speech therapists to inspection and repair encourage and urge the childs development. Inclusive education with the help of a Learning Support Assistant and a well structured Individualised Education end (IEP) based on the childs needs is also recommended. Dyslexia Dyslexia is a learning difficulty that affects the instruction and writing abilities of a mortal. Children with Dyslexia usually go rough-and-tumble learning how to read properly and connecting speech sounds to the garner of the alphabet.Research has shown that Dyslexia occurs because of problems related to the mental processing of information related to language. Because of this, reading itself becomes a difficulty within itself. Dyslexia is usually diag nosed in children in primary school, although sometimes it wholly becomes apparent at a later stage, when a child is older and is faced with more mingled texts. Other problems associated with Dyslexia include difficulty reading, spelling and learning foreign languages. The later Dyslexia is identified, the more difficult it whitethorn be to help the child.Children whose parents suffered from Dyslexia are more possible to also suffer from Dyslexia. The later children learn how to direct the more at risk they are of having Dyslexia. Dyslexia may be diagnosed by a reading medical specialist or a psychologist. To children, having Dyslexia can prove to be really(prenominal) frustrating, firstly because they queue it difficult to read, secondly because they feel inferior to their peers. Children with Dyslexia miss out on valuable reading practice and often decide behind their classmates.Strategies for Dyslexia One way of promoting reading to children with Dyslexia is to hurl a reading boxwood. Ideally, the reading corner should be attractive to children with comfortable seating, colourful posters and bookcases and possibly a screen to separate it from the rest of the classroom. The reading corner should be a quiet, comfortable, welcoming area where children can settle down to read. This area may be used for individual reading, peer reading, and small company discussions in a relaxed environment.A nonher way to help children with Dyslexia is to use interactive whiteboards. Instead of asking all students to replicate from the board, children with Dyslexia can be asked to follow during a lesson by and by which any notes written on the interactive whiteboard impart be printed out to aid these children and to make genuine that they have correctly written notes. Autism Autism, also known as Autistic Spectrum Disorder, is a lifelong soul development disability that affects communication, social interaction, together with other behaviours.Autism affects the way mass make sense of the military personnel around them, because the brain has a problem rendering what is seen, heard, experienced, etc. making it hard to do canonic everyday things. Although people with autism share certain difficulties, each(prenominal) person is affected in a variant way, and autism may affect a person in various degrees, ranging from very mild to severe this is why autism is often referred to as Autistic Spectrum Disorder. People with autism may find it hard to interact with other children, making friends, interpret facial expressions and other body language.People with autism have problems with both verbal as well as non-verbal language, and many may only have a literal spirit of spoken language. Speech may also be limited or not present in people with autism, although this may not necessarily always be the case. People with autism may also have a problem recognising and transform other peoples emotions and feelings together with expressing thei r own, which may make it difficult for them to fit into society.Another problem that people with autism might have, is understanding or predicting peoples behaviour, making sense of abstract ideas or understanding ideas and things which are outside their daily routine. Despite all these difficulties, people with autism have been known to have very particular capabilities, such as being very creative, having a talent for the arts, or being exceptionally good in working out calculations. Strategies for Autism Although there is no cure for autism, there are various ways in which a person with autism can be helped.Because people with autism find it difficult to understand the world around them it is very helpful for them to have a fixed daily routine. Having a extremely structured schedule will help the person with autism to avoid getting confused and frustrated. Since it may be quite a challenge to communicate with a person who has autism, it may help to try to find alternative method s of communication, which the person may understand and fight to. These may include sign language, use of applied science or other alternative methods.Working with Children with supererogatory NeedsSection B Specific Additional Requirements Describe 3 examples of syndromes/conditions of your choice. Describe 2 strategies for each example described above. These strategies could be medical, nutritional, educational, social or emotional which are meant to meet the childrens additional needs. Down Syndrome Down Syndrome, also referred to as Trisomy 21, is a condition which causes delays in the development of children, both mentally and physically, due to extra genetic material.While normally when a baby is conceived it receives genetic information in the form of 46 chromosomes, 23 from the mother and 23 from the father, in a Down Syndrome the baby receives a total of 47 chromosomes, where an extra chromosome 21 is received. This extra chromosome causes the physical features and devel opmental delays that are associated with Down Syndrome. It is still occult why Down Syndrome occurs but there is no way to prevent it, and although children with Down Syndrome may share some physical and mental features it can still range from mild to severe.It is known that women age 35 and over have a significantly higher risk of having a baby with Down Syndrome. The physical features common to children with Down Syndrome include an upward slant to the eyes, a short neck and a large tongue, which may protrude, poor muscle tone (muscle hypotonia), a flat nasal bridge, unusually large space between large toe and second toe, and small ears.Other problems related to Down Syndrome may include, but vary from child to child, heart defects at birth, digestive system problems, learning difficulties, delayed language development, speech difficulties, pulmonary problems, problems with hearing and vision, thyroid problems, and delayed physical development, reaching developmental milestones l ater than children without impairment, together with various other medical conditions. Strategies for Down Syndrome. In the case of children with Down Syndrome early-intervention services are recommended.These include various medical check-ups, as well as working together with physical, occupational and speech therapists to help encourage and accelerate the childs development. Inclusive education with the help of a Learning Support Assistant and a well structured Individualised Education Plan (IEP) based on the childs needs is also recommended. Dyslexia Dyslexia is a learning difficulty that affects the reading and writing abilities of a person. Children with Dyslexia usually have trouble learning how to read properly and connecting speech sounds to the letters of the alphabet.Research has shown that Dyslexia occurs because of problems related to the mental processing of information related to language. Because of this, reading itself becomes a difficulty within itself. Dyslexia is usually diagnosed in children in primary school, although sometimes it only becomes apparent at a later stage, when a child is older and is faced with more complex texts. Other problems associated with Dyslexia include difficulty reading, spelling and learning foreign languages. The later Dyslexia is identified, the more difficult it may be to help the child.Children whose parents suffered from Dyslexia are more likely to also suffer from Dyslexia. The later children learn how to speak the more at risk they are of having Dyslexia. Dyslexia may be diagnosed by a reading specialist or a psychologist. To children, having Dyslexia can prove to be very frustrating, firstly because they find it difficult to read, secondly because they feel inferior to their peers. Children with Dyslexia miss out on valuable reading practice and often fall behind their classmates.Strategies for Dyslexia One way of promoting reading to children with Dyslexia is to have a reading corner. Ideally, the reading corner should be attractive to children with comfortable seating, colourful posters and bookcases and possibly a screen to separate it from the rest of the classroom. The reading corner should be a quiet, comfortable, welcoming area where children can settle down to read. This area may be used for individual reading, peer reading, and small group discussions in a relaxed environment.Another way to help children with Dyslexia is to use interactive whiteboards. Instead of asking all students to copy from the board, children with Dyslexia can be asked to follow during a lesson after which any notes written on the interactive whiteboard will be printed out to aid these children and to make sure that they have correctly written notes. Autism Autism, also known as Autistic Spectrum Disorder, is a lifelong brain development disability that affects communication, social interaction, together with other behaviours.Autism affects the way people make sense of the world around them, because th e brain has a problem interpreting what is seen, heard, experienced, etc. making it hard to do basic everyday things. Although people with autism share certain difficulties, each person is affected in a different way, and autism may affect a person in various degrees, ranging from very mild to severe this is why autism is often referred to as Autistic Spectrum Disorder. People with autism may find it hard to interact with other children, making friends, interpret facial expressions and other body language.People with autism have problems with both verbal as well as non-verbal language, and many may only have a literal understanding of spoken language. Speech may also be limited or not present in people with autism, although this may not necessarily always be the case. People with autism may also have a problem recognising and interpreting other peoples emotions and feelings together with expressing their own, which may make it difficult for them to fit into society.Another problem t hat people with autism might have, is understanding or predicting peoples behaviour, making sense of abstract ideas or understanding ideas and things which are outside their daily routine. Despite all these difficulties, people with autism have been known to have very particular capabilities, such as being very creative, having a talent for the arts, or being exceptionally good in working out calculations. Strategies for Autism Although there is no cure for autism, there are various ways in which a person with autism can be helped.Because people with autism find it difficult to understand the world around them it is very helpful for them to have a fixed daily routine. Having a highly structured schedule will help the person with autism to avoid getting confused and frustrated. Since it may be quite a challenge to communicate with a person who has autism, it may help to try to find alternative methods of communication, which the person may understand and react to. These may include s ign language, use of technology or other alternative methods.